A STUDY ON CHANNEL AND DELAY-BASED SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS FOR LIVE VIDEO STREAMING IN THE FIFTH GENERATION LONG TERM EVOLUTION-ADVANCED

This paper investigates the performance of a number of channel and delay-based scheduling algorithms for an efficient QoS (Quality of Service) provision with more live video streaming users over the Fifth Generation Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (5G LTE-A) network. These algorithms were developed for use in legacy wireless networks and minor changes were made to enable these algorithms to perform packet scheduling in the downlink 5G LTE-A. The efficacies of the EXP and M-LWDF algorithms in maximizing the number of live video streaming users at the desired transmission reliability, minimizing the average network delay and maximizing network throughput, are shown via simulations. As the M-LWDF has a simpler mathematical equation as compared to the EXP, it is more favoured for implementation in the complex downlink 5G LTE-A. ABSTRAK: Kertas ini menyiasat prestasi sebilangan saluran dan algoritma penjadualan berdasarkan kelewatan untuk penyediaan QoS (Kualiti Perkhidmatan) yang cekap dengan banyak pengguna video secara langsung melalui rangkaian Generasi Kelima Long-Term Evolution Advanced (5G LTE-A). Algoritma-algoritma yang disiasat di dalam kertas ini dicadangkan untuk digunakan dalam generasi rangkaian tanpa wayar yang lama dan sedikit perubahan dibuat untuk membolehkan algoritma ini menyokong penjadualan paket dalam downlink 5G LTE-A. Keberkesanan EXP dan M-LWDF algoritma dalam memaksimumkan jumlah pengguna pada kebolehpercayaan transmisi yang diinginkan dari streaming video secara langsung, meminimumkan kelewatan rangkaian, dan memaksimumkan truput rangkaian ditunjukkan melalui simulasi. Namun, dengan M-LWDF mempunyai formula matematik yang mudah dibandingkan dengan EXP, ia lebih sesuai untuk digunakan dalam downlink 5G LTE-A yang lebih kompleks.

Long-term evolution of magnetic fields in flaring Active Region NOAA 12673

During the lifetime of AR 12673, its magnetic field evolved drastically and produced numerous large flares. In this study, using full maps of the Sun observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory and the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, we identified that AR 12673 emerged in decayed AR 12665, which had survived for two solar rotations. Although both ARs emerged at the same location, they possessed different characteristics and different flare productivities. Therefore, it is important to study the long-term magnetic evolution of both ARs to identify the distinguishing characteristics of an AR that can produce large solar flares. We used the Space-weather Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager Active Region Patch data to investigate the evolution of the photospheric magnetic field and other physical properties of the recurring ARs during five Carrington rotations. All these investigated parameters dynamically evolved through a series of solar rotations. We compared the long-term evolution of AR 12665 and AR 12673 to understand the differences in their flare-producing properties. We also studied the relation of the long-term evolution of these ARs with the presence of active longitude. We found that the magnetic flux and complexity of AR 12673 developed much faster than those of AR 12665. Our results confirmed that a strong emerging flux that emerged in the pre-existing AR near the active longitude created a very strong and complex AR that produced large flares.

Banda ancha móvil privada y su interacción con redes de voz de la Policía Nacional

Las comunicaciones de misión crítica utilizadas a nivel mundial para la seguridad pública han estado basadas en soluciones de banda angosta, enmarcadas en los diferentes protocolos incluidos en Land Mobile Radio (LMR), como APCO 25, utilizado por la Policía Nacional. Si bien estas tecnologías han sido de gran importancia y cuentan con una madurez de implementación bastante consolidada para la transmisión confiable de voz, tienen limitantes para la transmisión de datos como imágenes y videos, por lo que se hace necesario el aprovechamiento de una tecnología como Long Term Evolution (LTE). Teniendo en cuenta esta necesidad, se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica-técnica, realizando un análisis del estado del arte de artículos seleccionados de varias bases de datos; asimismo, se determinaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión para el estudio, gracias a lo cual se logró identificar que hoy en día no se tiene la capacidad tecnológica para realizar un desarrollo de una red LTE para seguridad pública; con base en lo anterior, se identificó la necesidad de una implementación tecnológica que garantice la coexistencia de las dos redes LMR y LTE, aprovechando las bondades de cada una de ellas en una suma que incrementa las capacidades tecnológicas en el servicio de policía.

Religion, Secularity, and Secularization in Europe

The first section of this chapter covers the conceptual understandings of secular, secularization, secularity and secularism, together with the rich sources of data available in Europe. It argues that secularization is neither linear nor predictable; it is a complex and contingent process that takes place differently in different places both within Europe and beyond. The second section recalls the long-term evolution of the secular in Europe as a whole. The core of the chapter, however, focuses on the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This period is considered both chronologically and thematically with the following question in mind: is Europe secular because it is modern, or is Europe secular because it is European? Given the growing conviction that Europe is unusually secular in global terms, it seems that the latter is more likely. Secularization is central to the self-understanding of modern Europe; it should not be assumed, however, that secularization is a necessary—thus universal—concomitant of modernization.

Long-term evolution of quantitative traits in the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup

Quantitative genetics aims at untangling the genetic and environmental effects on phenotypic variation. Trait heritability, which summarizes the relative importance of genetic effects, is estimated at the intraspecific level, but theory predicts that heritability could influence long-term evolution of quantitative traits. The phylogenetic signal concept bears resemblance to heritability and it has often been called species-level heritability. Under certain conditions, such as trait neutrality or contribution to phylogenesis, within-species heritability and between-species phylogenetic signal should be correlated. Here, we investigate the potential relationship between these two concepts by examining the evolution of multiple morphological traits for which heritability has been estimated in Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, we analysed 42 morphological traits in both sexes on a phylogeny inferred from 22 nuclear genes for nine species of the melanogaster subgroup. We used Pagel's λ as a measurement of phylogenetic signal because it is the least influenced by the number of analysed taxa. Pigmentation traits showed the strongest concordance with the phylogeny, but no correlation was found between phylogenetic signal and heritability estimates mined from the literature. We obtained data for multiple climatic variables inferred from the geographical distribution of each species. Phylogenetic regression of quantitative traits on climatic variables showed a significantly positive correlation with heritability. Convergent selection, the response to which depends on the trait heritability, may have led to the null association between phylogenetic signal and heritability for morphological traits in Drosophila. We discuss the possible causes of discrepancy between both statistics and caution against their confusion in evolutionary biology.