Introduction:
The Prehospital TBI Guidelines (PTGs) are intended for both isolated and multisystem TBI (ITBI/MTBI). However, uncontrolled hemorrhage and potential detrimental effects of fluid resuscitation in MTBI may lead to differential effectiveness compared to ITBI.
Methods:
Preplanned subgroup analysis of PTG effectiveness in ITBI and MTBI from EPIC (before/after system study; 133 agencies, >11,000 trained; NIH R01NS071049). Interventions: Prevention/treatment of hypoxia, hypotension, hyperventilation. Inclusion: Barell Matrix 1; 1/07-6/15. Severity subgroups [Head Region Severity Score (HRSS; AIS equivalent)]: Moderate = 1-2; Severe = 3-4; Critical = 5-6. Definitions: ITBI: TBI with no other RSS ≥3 injury. MTBI: TBI plus non-head region RSS ≥3 injuries. Pre (P1) and post-implementation (P3) cohorts were compared using logistic regression.
Results:
Cases: 21,852; median age 45 (IQR 24, 66); 67% male. ITBI: 16,663 (76.3%); P1 = 11,602, P3 = 5061. MTBI: 5189 (23.7%); P1 = 3626, P3 = 1563]. Hypotension occurred much more frequently in MTBI (15.8%) than ITBI (4.5%; OR = 3.9 (3.5, 4.4); p<0.0001) and, after PTG implementation, MTBI patients were much more likely to receive a fluid bolus (10.7%; 167/1563) than ITBI (5.3%; 267/5061; p<0.0001). There was highly significant improvement in aOR for survival in severe (HRSS 3-4) ITBI and MTBI (Fig 1). Furthermore, the severe ITBI and MTBI patients who were intubated or who received any positive pressure ventilation (PPV; basic or advanced) also improved dramatically (Fig 2).
Conclusions:
PTG implementation was independently associated with improved odds of survival in severe ITBI and MTBI. Despite a rate of hypotension 4 times higher in MTBI, survival improvement was at least as strong as for ITBI. Since the MTBI cohort was much more likely to receive fluid resuscitation, these findings support the PTG recommendation for aggressive treatment of hypotension in TBI even in patients with potential ongoing hemorrhage.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Provide Neuroprotection and Improve Long-Term Neurologic Outcomes in a Swine Model of Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Shock
