Glial Patchwork: Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Astrocytes Blanket the Central Nervous System

Tiling is a developmental process where cell populations become evenly distributed throughout a tissue. In this review, we discuss the developmental cellular tiling behaviors of the two major glial populations in the central nervous system (CNS)—oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and astrocytes. First, we discuss OPC tiling in the spinal cord, which is comprised of the three cellular behaviors of migration, proliferation, and contact-mediated repulsion (CMR). These cellular behaviors occur simultaneously during OPC development and converge to produce the emergent behavior of tiling which results in OPCs being evenly dispersed and occupying non-overlapping domains throughout the CNS. We next discuss astrocyte tiling in the cortex and hippocampus, where astrocytes migrate, proliferate, then ultimately determine their exclusive domains by gradual removal of overlap rather than sustained CMR. This results in domains that slightly overlap, allowing for both exclusive control of “synaptic islands” and astrocyte-astrocyte communication. We finally discuss the similarities and differences in the tiling behaviors of these glial populations and what remains unknown regarding glial tiling and how perturbations to this process may impact injury and disease.

Effects of a preparatory training protocol on the movement and body stability of handball players

Handball is a sport with a high risk of injury, The prevalence of injury is only obtainable through a thorough and comprehensive analysis. One of the most commonly used test batteries for interpreting the characteristics of an injury is the Functional Movement Screen (FMSTM). It makes possible to possible to identify movement limitations and asymmetries which are believed to impact injury risk in sports. The aim of this study is to use the FMSTM to determine whether an eight-week training protocol can predict and prevent injuries in handball. The study sample comprised the fifteen members of the Borac handball club youth team. The initial measurement showed that most players (80%) had an overall score in the test battery ranging from 15 to 20 points. In addition, three players were found to have asymmetry. Only one of the three players had an overall score in the FMSTM of ≤14. The participants scored the lowest in the initial measurement for Rotary Stability, followed by Deep Squat and Hurdle Step Left. They scored the highest in the Shoulder Mobility. After the implementation of the exercise protocol for improving body mobility and stability, the final measurements showed that all the participants had an overall score in the FMSTM of >14. The value of eta squared showed that training in between the two measurements had a significant impact. At the time of testing and protocol implementation no players sustained any injuries during matches or in training. This study confirmed that the FMSTM can be used to predict injuries in sports.

Incidence, evaluation and management of nasal bone fracture: study of 60 cases

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> It was retrospective and prospective study of 60 nasal bone fracture patients we treated at our hospital. We analyzed them for their age and sex incidence, side prevalance, presentation and their treatment option.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Through history was taken and examination was done and these cases were investigated with CT scan or X-ray than treated period.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Most common involved patients were males (73%) than the females (27%). In our study, most common cause of nasal bone fracture was the road traffic accident (59%) and less common cause of nasal bone fracture was assaulted trauma. Most commonly done about 60% radiological investigation were only X-ray bilateral nasal bone. In this study fracture bone reduction was done under local anesthesia or sedation in 87% of patients and general anesthesia in 13% of patients. Most commonly affected patients of nasal bone fracture had lateral impact injury (70%) than the frontal impact injury. We treated 77% patients of nasal bone fracture by closed reduction and the patients with linear non-displaced nasal bone fracture by medication.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Male were more affected than the female and common age group was 11 to 30 years. Most common cause of nasal bone fracture was the road traffic accident. In nasal bone fracture the lateral impact injury was more common, in treatment of nasal bone fracture simple nasal X-ray were useful tool for management of nasal bone fracture. Closed nasal bone fracture reduction did under local anesthesia in most of patients.</p>

Bilateral clavicle fractures: A Case Report and Review of Literature's

Clavicle fracture is one of common injuries in young adult and fracture in the middle third is the most common injury cases in clavicle fractures. Although clavicle fractures are often seen, in some circumstances bilateral clavicle fractures can occur due to high-energy impact injury, but this is an extremely rare and seldom reported on. Clavicle fracture is not commonly mentioned as an indication for operative intervention, but in cases of bilateral clavicle fracture surgical intervention managed to limit the duration of functional disability and allowing for an earlier functional recovery.

A Systematic Review of Strength and Conditioning Protocols for Improving Neck Strength and Reducing Concussion Incidence and Impact Injury Risk in Collision Sports; Is There Evidence?

The objective of this systematic literature review was to evaluate the evidence regarding the development of neck strength in reducing concussion and cervical spine injuries in adult amateur and professional sport populations. PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases were searched systematically. The criteria for inclusion in the review were as follows: (1) a human adult (≥18 or above); (2) involved in amateur, semi-professional, or professional sports; (3) sports included involved collisions with other humans, apparatus or the environment; (4) interventions included pre- and post-neck muscle strength measures or neck stability measures; (5) outcomes included effects on increasing neck strength in participants and/or injury incidence. Database searches identified 2462 articles. Following title, abstract, and full paper screening, three papers were eligible for inclusion. All of the papers reported information from male participants, two were focused on rugby union, and one on American football. Two of the included studies found a significant improvement in isometric neck strength following intervention. None of the studies reported any impact of neck strengthening exercises on cervical spine injuries. This review has shown that there is currently a lack of evidence to support the use of neck strengthening interventions in reducing impact injury risk in adult populations who participate in sport.

The Impact of Concussion Education on Injury Disclosure in High School Athletes: A Critically Appraised Topic

Clinical Scenario: Sport-related concussions are common injuries during sport-related activities. Evaluations of these injuries involve symptom reporting. Unfortunately, concussion symptoms are widely underreported by athletes, and can lead to longer recovery times. Concussion education programs were created to encourage reporting of symptoms by athletes. Clinical Question: Does concussion education impact injury disclosure in high school athletes? Summary of Key Findings: Three studies were included in this appraisal. Two studies utilized an educational lecture, and one study utilized an informational video providing the concussion education. All three studies found significant increases in injury history disclosure from pre-education to immediate post-education. Clinical Bottom Line: There is moderate evidence to support the idea that education has a positive impact on concussion reporting behaviors. These studies found positive results immediately following concussion education therefore it may be beneficial to provide concussion education several times a year. Strength of Recommendation: There is Level B evidence to support the idea that implementing concussion education will impact concussion reporting behaviors as it pertains to injury history disclosure.