scholarly journals Sexual reproduction with variable mating systems can resist asexuality in a rock–paper–scissors dynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 140383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carranza ◽  
Vicente Polo
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Parameter Space ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Diploid Population ◽  
Theoretical Question ◽  
Equal Contribution

While sex can be advantageous for a lineage in the long term, we still lack an explanation for its maintenance with the twofold cost per generation. Here we model an infinite diploid population where two autosomal loci determine, respectively, the reproductive mode, sexual versus asexual and the mating system, polygynous (costly sex) versus monogamous (assuming equal contribution of parents to offspring, i.e. non-costly sex). We show that alleles for costly sex can spread when non-costly sexual modes buffer the interaction between asexual and costly sexual strategies, even without twofold benefit of recombination with respect to asexuality. The three interacting strategies have intransitive fitness relationships leading to a rock–paper–scissors dynamics, so that alleles for costly sex cannot be eliminated by asexuals in most situations throughout the parameter space. Our results indicate that sexual lineages with variable mating systems can resist the invasion of asexuals and allow for long-term effects to accumulate, thus providing a solution to the persisting theoretical question of why sex was not displaced by asexuality along evolution.

Evolution in diploid populations by continuity of gametic types

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Ilan Eshel
Keyword(s):  
Random Mating ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Diploid Population ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Diploid Populations ◽  
Mutation And Selection

This work studies the long-term effects of mutation and selection pressures on a diploid population embracing many genetic types. A number of results previously established for the simpler asexual case (see [4]) are extended to the cases of random mating and complete inbreeding (Theorem 1), and then, under particular conditions, to certain circumstances of mixed random mating and inbreeding (Theorem 3 and Corollary 1). Several implications for sex and diploidity are drawn from Theorem 2 and its corollaries. Further biological interpretations of these findings, especially of Theorem 2, are given in [3].

scholarly journals Improvement of Seed Orchard Management Based on Mating System of Cajuputi Trees

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Khomsah Kartikawati ◽  
Mohammad Naiem ◽  
Eko Bhakti Hardiyanto ◽  
Anto Rimbawanto
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Viable Population ◽  
Key Words Mating System

Breeding plan of cajuputi in Indonesia is aimed to increase plantation productivity of oil yield and 1.8 cineole content. Seed orchard of cajuputi at Paliyan, Gunungkidul, established using selected and genetically improved materials, has been producing seeds for operational plantation. This seed orchard would perform optimally if the mating systems of all individuals contribute to the inheritance of all genetic potential of the offsprings. Therefore, investigation of the mating systems of cajuputi was indispensible. The study has been carried out on 10 selected mother trees and the 24 offsprings of each mother trees using 8 microsatellite markers of nuclear DNA, namely Hin-2 (100-132 bp), Hin-4 (79-114 bp), Hin-5 (128-148 bp), Hin-7 (136-224 bp), Sal-1 (93-99 bp), Sal-3 (118-219 bp), Xho-1 (96-111 bp) and Xho-4 (150-216 bp), respectively. The result showed relatively high genetic variation of the offspring (HE=0.602, HO=0.594) originated from parent trees in the seed orchard. Parent trees tend to outcross(tm=0.951, ts=0.806), although seeds originated from biparental inbred (tm – ts = 0.145) and correlated paternity(rp=0.098) have also been observed. This genetically viable population could maintain its reproduction fi tness forshort term and adapt to the dynamic environmental changes for long term. Key words: mating system, cajuputi, seed orchard, microsatellite

The genetic mating system of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) with notes on male strategies for securing paternity

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta J. Frankham ◽  
Robert L. Reed ◽  
Mark D. B. Eldridge ◽  
Kathrine A. Handasyde
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Genetic Mating System ◽  
Potorous Tridactylus

The potoroids are a small group of cryptic macropodoid marsupials that are difficult to directly monitor in the wild. Consequently, information regarding their social and mating systems is limited. A population of long-nosed potoroos (Potorous tridactylus) on French Island, Victoria, was monitored from June 2005 to August 2010. Tissue samples were collected from 32 (19 ♂, 13 ♀) independent potoroos and 17 pouch young. We aimed to determine the genetic mating system and identify patterns of paternity through genotyping individuals at 10 microsatellite loci. Additionally, we investigated the importance of body mass and site residency as strategies in securing paternity. Twelve of the 17 pouch young sampled were assigned paternity with confidence to five males. Multiple pouch young were sampled from two long-term resident females, one of which had 10 pouch young sired by multiple partners, with some repeat paternity, while the other had three young sired by one male, suggesting that the mating system is not entirely promiscuous. Sires were recorded on site for significantly longer periods than non-sires but were not significantly larger than non-sires at conception. This suggests that sires employ strategies other than direct competition, such as scramble competition, to secure paternity in P. tridactylus.

Evolution in diploid populations by continuity of gametic types

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Eshel
Keyword(s):  
Random Mating ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Diploid Population ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Diploid Populations ◽  
Mutation And Selection

This work studies the long-term effects of mutation and selection pressures on a diploid population embracing many genetic types. A number of results previously established for the simpler asexual case (see [4]) are extended to the cases of random mating and complete inbreeding (Theorem 1), and then, under particular conditions, to certain circumstances of mixed random mating and inbreeding (Theorem 3 and Corollary 1). Several implications for sex and diploidity are drawn from Theorem 2 and its corollaries. Further biological interpretations of these findings, especially of Theorem 2, are given in [3].

scholarly journals Estimating Long-Term Mating Systems Using DNA Sequences

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brook G Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Plant Mating Systems ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Plant mating systems often involve a mixture of self fertilizations and outcross fertilizations. The degree of selfing has a large impact on the genetic composition of natural populations and on the evolution of the mating system itself in response to such factors as inbreeding depression. This paper describes a means of estimating the long-term rate of self-fertilization from samples of alleles taken from individuals in a population. Use is made of the genealogy of pairs of alleles at a locus within individuals and pairs between individuals. The degree of selfing is closely related to the extent to which the number of nucleotide sites differing within an individual is reduced relative to the number differing between individuals. Importantly, the estimate of long-term selfing is largely independent of population size and is not affected by historical fluctuations in population size; instead it responds directly to the mating system itself. The approach outlined here is most appropriate to evolutionary problems in which the long-term nature of the mating system is of interest, such as to determine the relationship between prior inbreeding and inbreeding depression.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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