direct competition
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alijon Xusanov

Diversity of ecological niches among aphid entomocenosis increased, most likely, in the process of evolution, due to unsuitability for one or two species selection in the direction of direct competition compared with the advantage of selection in the direction of differentiation niches, reliable provision of resources of different types in terms of maintaining of both species and the relative independence from the competition with other species for resources of host plants....


Author(s):  
Ursula S A Stalmann ◽  
Fabio Ticconi ◽  
Inge A.M Snoeren ◽  
Ronghui Li ◽  
Helene Gleitz ◽  
...  

How genetic haploinsufficiency contributes to the clonal dominance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) remains unresolved. Using a genetic barcoding strategy, a systematic comparison was carried out on genes implicated in the pathogenesis of del(5q) MDS in direct competition with each other and wild-type (WT) cells with single clone resolution. Csnk1a1 haploinsufficient HSCs expanded (oligo)clonally and outcompeted all other tested genes and combinations. Csnk1a1-/+ multipotent progenitors showed a pro-proliferative gene signature and HSCs a downregulation of inflammatory signaling/immune response. In validation experiments, Csnk1a1-/+ HSCs outperformed their WT counterparts under a chronic inflammation stimulus, also known to be caused by neighboring genes on chromosome 5. A crucial role for Csnk1a1 haploinsufficiency in the selective advantage of the 5q- HSC is therefore proposed. It is implemented by creation of a unique competitive advantage through increased HSC self-renewal and proliferation capacity, as well as increased fitness under inflammatory stress.


2022 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
María de Jesús González-Guadarrama ◽  
Silvia Elena Castillo-Blum ◽  
María Aurora Armienta

  Abstract 22 This work discusses the importance of organic matter, specifically Aquatic Humic Substances (SHA) 23 within the speciation and distribution of metals within an aquatic system, in this case Xochimilco 24 Lake, a site with great ecological importance. This lake is the natural habitat of the endemic species 25 “axolotl” (ajolote). In this research, complexation reactions between SHA and metals (Cu, Mn, Pb 26 and Zn) were carried out under different reaction conditions, the source of AHS was water samples 27 taken in Xochimilco Lake in presence and absence of pH buffer dissolution and varying the 28 concentration of metals. The results show that there is a direct competition between the major 29 elements and trace elements to react with the AHS. Under the pH conditions of Xochimilco Lake 30 complexes formation is possible. 31


Author(s):  
Irina Kh. Kuchieva ◽  
Zarina Yu. Kaloeva ◽  
Sofiya S. Triandofilova

The article focuses on the consideration of the marketing strategy of the Uber company. A strategy is essential when a company enters new markets. It is a difficult task for any business and requires managers to understand the specifics of the formation, management of marketing strategies in both local and global markets. The above factors determine the relevance of the research topic. In connection with the processes of globalization and significant modifications in the technological support of business, activities in modern markets are changing significantly. The purpose of this article is to analyse the implementation of the marketing strategy of Uber in the global market to indicate the characteristics and directions of development. In research, the following methods applied: a comparative, analysis and methodology for developing marketing strategies. The American service Uber is striving to gain leadership positions in the development of the Russian market. This drive drives offensive strategies that combine direct competition for low prices and strategies that increase resources and customers by engaging an audience that competitors have missed. As the analysis of the company’s activities showed, Uber implements a specific marketing strategy as an offensive strategy. As part of the confrontation with the main competitors, Uber actively invests in the promotion and advertising of the service, pays attention to pricing policy to provide opportunities for participation in price competition. The American service Uber is striving to gain leadership positions in the development of the Russian market. This commitment drives offensive strategies that combine direct competition for low prices and plans that increase resources and customer base by engaging an audience that competitors have missed. As a result of the analysis of the market of services-aggregators of taxi services, we can conclude that competition is intensifying both from the main competitors, Gett and Yandex.Taxi, and from indirect competitors. Hence, launching a third-party service will be a reactive strategy for Uber, as chief competitors have already diversified their service portfolio. Thus, the marketing strategy in modern conditions of development is an efficient mean for promoting a company in the international market.


Immunotherapy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Zhong ◽  
Xuxin Lai ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Xiaoxiong Xiao ◽  
Shi Chen ◽  
...  

Aim: To measure IgE-blocking activity induced by allergen immunotherapy (AIT) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent facilitated antigen binding (ELIFAB) assay based on autologous immunoglobulin competition. Methods: The developed ELIFAB assay was used to investigate the kinetics of IgE-blocking activity in 87 patients at multiple AIT treatment time points, in comparison to the changes in IgG4. Results: High ELIFAB response was observed until 2.5 months of AIT, then significantly decreased after 4 months and remained suppressed during the 3-year AIT period. After treatment cessation, the ELIFAB response was maintained at the level seen at the 4–6 month treatment time point, similar to IgG4, indicating sustained IgE-blocking activity related to IgG4. Conclusion: This ELIFAB assay measures the IgE-blocking activity for autologous allergen-specific IgE and non-IgE during and after immunotherapy. It is suited for measuring the sustained IgE-blocking activity induced by AIT.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-547
Author(s):  
Aaron Barkley

This paper investigates the how government outsourcing affects efficiency and expenditures by considering how outsourcing decisions are determined along two dimensions: (i) cost differences between private firms and government suppliers of public goods and (ii) dynamics arising from cost complementarities and capacity constraints. I formulate and estimate a dynamic model of government outsourcing using project-level data from the dredging industry. Model estimates indicate substantial cost savings due to outsourcing but also that government presence in the market yields cost reduction. A counterfactual policy featuring direct competition between government and private sector firms finds a total expenditure reduction of 15.7 percent. (JEL D44, H41, H57, L84)


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitch Brown ◽  
Donald F. Sacco ◽  
Aaron Lukaszewski

Social bargaining models posit physically formidable men tend to pursue strategies for acquiring resources and status through direct competition and promoting hierarchical social organization. Previous research indicates that formidable men espouse more conservative political viewpoints, as a means of advancing social policies favoring use of aggressive bargaining and hierarchy-maintenance strategies. If the mind is designed to utilize probabilistic cues of behavioral strategies, physical strength may function as a heuristic cue of political conservatism. Participants in three studies inferred conservatism of physically strong and weak men. Physically strong men were consistently perceived as more conservative (Studies 1 and 2). Inferences from strength cues were moderated neither by type of conservatism (i.e., fiscal versus social) nor presence of wealth cues. Inferences further extended to tradition-based and libertarian moral foundations domains (Study 3). We frame results using an affordance management framework, suggesting individuals utilize cues to formidability as heuristics to infer political attitudes.


2021 ◽  
pp. 34-63
Author(s):  
Joseph A. McCahery ◽  
F. Alexander de Roode

The last decade has challenged the paradigm of the hedge fund industry as a unique performer. In this chapter three main factors are identified that have affected the operation of hedge funds: competition from mutual funds, the market environment, and tighter regulation. Recent trends in the financial industry have moved asset managers closer to hedge funds by introducing similar underlying strategies, such as liquid alternative funds, to directly compete with hedge funds. Such strategies can achieve performance similar to that of hedge funds, thus introducing more competition for hedge funds. Moreover, it is shown that several hedge fund styles that have traditionally worked well in crisis times—even in the last decade—are also strategies that can be replicated by liquid alternatives. Together with tighter regulation and a strong market environment, these developments continue to put pressure on the hedge fund industry. The chapter’s empirical findings add to the existing debate on the performance of hedge funds and the direct competition from liquid alternatives.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Lobato ◽  
Amanda Lotz

Internet-distributed video services have attracted exceptional attention in recent years for their novelty and growth. Business and trade discussions frequently excerpt internet-distributed video services from the broader field of video and narrowly construct their relationship as one of direct competition (e.g., streaming wars). However, there are several distinguishing characteristics of these services that make their relationship more complex. This article explores the multifaceted distinctions and markets within internet-distributed video, including differences in programming, geography, audience, business model, and market position. We also consider what is at stake in different imaginings of video markets for media industry scholarship and policy.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swetha Kassety ◽  
Stefan Katharios-Lanwermeyer ◽  
George A. O’Toole ◽  
Carey D. Nadell

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PA14 and PAO1 are among the two best characterized model organisms used to study the mechanisms of biofilm formation, while also representing two distinct lineages of P. aeruginosa . Previous work has shown that PA14 and PAO1 use different strategies for surface colonization; they also have different extracellular matrix composition and different propensities to disperse from biofilms back into the planktonic phase surrounding them. We expand on this work here by exploring the consequences of these different biofilm production strategies during direct competition. Using differentially labeled strains and microfluidic culture methods, we show that PAO1 can outcompete PA14 in direct competition during early colonization and subsequent biofilm growth, that they can do so in constant and perturbed environments, and that this advantage is specific to biofilm growth and requires production of the Psl polysaccharide. In contrast, the P. aeruginosa PA14 is better able to invade pre-formed biofilms and is more inclined to remain surface-associated under starvation conditions. These data together suggest that while P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 are both able to effectively colonize surfaces, they do so in different ways that are advantageous under different environmental settings. Importance Recent studies indicate that P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 use distinct strategies to initiate biofilm formation. We investigated whether their respective colonization and matrix secretion strategies impact their ability to compete under different biofilm-forming regimes. Our work shows that these different strategies do indeed impact how these strains fair in direct competition: PAO1 dominates during colonization of a naïve surface, while PA14 is more effective in colonizing a pre-formed biofilm. These data suggest that even for very similar microbes there can be distinct strategies to successfully colonize and persist on surfaces during the biofilm life cycle.


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