scholarly journals Evidence for a genetic sex determination in Cnidaria, the Mediterranean red coral ( Corallium rubrum )

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 160880 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pratlong ◽  
A. Haguenauer ◽  
S. Chenesseau ◽  
K.  Brener ◽  
G. Mitta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Corallium Rubrum ◽  
Red Coral ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Sex Determination System ◽  
Male Specific

Sexual reproduction is widespread among eukaryotes, and the sex-determining processes vary greatly among species. While genetic sex determination (GSD) has been intensively described in bilaterian species, no example has yet been recorded among non-bilaterians. However, the quasi-ubiquitous repartition of GSD among multicellular species suggests that similar evolutionary forces can promote this system, and that these forces could occur also in non-bilaterians. Studying sex determination across the range of Metazoan diversity is indeed important to understand better the evolution of this mechanism and its lability. We tested the existence of sex-linked genes in the gonochoric red coral ( Corallium rubrum , Cnidaria) using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. We analysed 27 461 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 354 individuals from 12 populations including 53 that were morphologically sexed. We found a strong association between the allele frequencies of 472 SNPs and the sex of individuals, suggesting an XX/XY sex-determination system. This result was confirmed by the identification of 435 male-specific loci. An independent test confirmed that the amplification of these loci enabled us to identify males with absolute certainty. This is the first demonstration of a GSD system among non-bilaterian species and a new example of its convergence in multicellular eukaryotes.

scholarly journals An Investigation of ZZ/ZW and XX/XY Sex Determination Systems in North African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dung Ho My Nguyen ◽  
Thitipong Panthum ◽  
Jatupong Ponjarat ◽  
Nararat Laopichienpong ◽  
Ekaphan Kraichak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Commercial Breeding ◽  
Sex Determination System ◽  
Sex Determination Mechanisms

An investigation of sex-specific loci may provide important insights into fish sex determination strategies. This may be useful for biotechnological purposes, for example, to produce all-male or all-female fish for commercial breeding. The North African catfish species, Clarias gariepinus, has been widely adopted for aquaculture because its superior growth and disease resistance render the species suitable for hybridization with other catfish to improve the productivity and quality of fish meat. This species has either a ZZ/ZW or XX/XY sex determination system. Here, we investigate and characterize these systems using high-throughput genome complexity reduction sequencing as Diversity Arrays Technology. This approach was effective in identifying moderately sex-linked loci with both single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and restriction fragment presence/absence (PA) markers in 30 perfectly sexed individuals of C. gariepinus. However, SNPs based markers were not found in this study. In total, 41 loci met the criteria for being moderately male-linked (with male vs. female ratios 80:20 and 70:30), while 25 loci were found to be moderately linked to female sex. No strictly male- or female-linked loci were detected. Seven moderately male-linked loci were partially homologous to some classes of transposable elements and three moderately male-linked loci were partially homologous to functional genes. Our data showed that the male heterogametic XX/XY sex determination system should co-exist with the ZZ/ZW system in C. gariepinus. Our finding of the co-existence of XX/XY and ZZ/ZW systems can be applied to benefit commercial breeding of this species in Thailand. This approach using moderately sex-linked loci provides a solid baseline for revealing sex determination mechanisms and identify potential sex determination regions in catfish, allowing further investigation of genetic improvements in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Sex-determination and sex chromosomes are shared across the radiation of dioecious Nepenthes pitcher plants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Scharmann ◽  
T. Ulmar Grafe ◽  
Faizah Metali ◽  
Alex Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Silene Latifolia ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Pitcher Plants ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Sex Determination System ◽  
Male Specific

AbstractPlants with separate sexes (dioecy) represent a minority but dioecy has evolved multiple times independently in plants. Our understanding of sex determination systems in plants and of the ecological factors and molecular changes associated with the evolution of dioecy remain limited. Here, we study the sex-determination system in dioecious plants that lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes and are not amenable to controlled breeding: Nepenthes pitcher plants. We genotyped wild populations of flowering males and females of three Nepenthes taxa using ddRAD-seq, and sequenced a male inflorescence transcriptome. We developed a novel statistical tool (privacy rarefaction) to distinguish true sex-specificity from stochastic noise in high-throughput sequencing data. Our results support XY-systems in all three Nepenthes taxa and in Silene latifolia which was used as a positive control for its known XY-system. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome showed little conservation among the three Nepenthes taxa, except for the essential pollen development gene DYT1 which was also male-specific in additional taxa. Hence, this homomorphic XY sex-determination system likely has a unique origin older than the crown of the genus Nepenthes at c. 17.7 My. In addition to the characterisation of the previously unknown sex chromosomes of Nepenthes, our work contributes an innovative, highly sensitive statistical method to efficiently detect sex-specific genomic regions in wild populations in general.

scholarly journals Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Isoform Profile of Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana by Transcriptome Analysis

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2630
Author(s):  
Euna Jo ◽  
Seung-Jae Lee ◽  
Eunkyung Choi ◽  
Jinmu Kim ◽  
Jun-Hyuck Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Sex Determination System ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Go Enrichment Analysis

The brine shrimp Artemia has a ZW sex determination system with ZW chromosomes in females and ZZ chromosomes in males. Artemia has been considered a promising model organism for ZW sex-determining systems, but the genes involved in sex determination and differentiation of Artemia have not yet been identified. Here, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of female and male A. franciscana using PacBio Iso-Seq and Illumina RNA-Seq techniques to identify candidate sex determination genes. Among the 42,566 transcripts obtained from Iso-Seq, 23,514 were analyzed. Of these, 2065 (8.8%) were female specific, 2513 (10.7%) were male specific, and 18,936 (80.5%) were co-expressed in females and males. Based on GO enrichment analysis and expression values, we found 10 female-biased and 29 male-biased expressed genes, including DMRT1 and Sad genes showing male-biased expression. Our results showed that DMRT1 has three isoforms with five exons, while Sad has seven isoforms with 2–11 exons. The Sad gene is involved in ecdysteroid signaling related to molting and metamorphosis in arthropods. Further studies on ecdysteroid biosynthetic genes are needed to improve our understanding of Artemia sex determination. This study will provide a valuable resource for sex determination and differentiation studies on Artemia and other crustaceans with ZW systems.

scholarly journals The Snakeskin Gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) Tends to Exhibit XX/XY Sex Determination

Fishes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Thitipong Panthum ◽  
Nararat Laopichienpong ◽  
Ekaphan Kraichak ◽  
Worapong Singchat ◽  
Dung Ho My Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Cytogenetic Analysis ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Sex Determination System ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Determination Mechanism

The snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) has a high meat yield and is one of the top five aquaculture freshwater fishes in Thailand. The species is not externally sexually dimorphic, and its sex determination system is unknown. Understanding the sex determination system of this species will contribute to its full-scale commercialization. In this study, a cytogenetic analysis did not reveal any between-sex differences in chromosomal patterns. However, we used genotyping-by-sequencing to identify 4 male-linked loci and 1 female-linked locus, indicating that the snakeskin gourami tends to exhibit an XX/XY sex determination system. However, we did not find any male-specific loci after filtering the loci for a ratio of 100:0 ratio of males:females. This suggests that the putative Y chromosome is young and that the sex determination region is cryptic. This approach provides solid information that can help identify the sex determination mechanism and potential sex determination regions in the snakeskin gourami, allowing further investigation of genetic improvements in the species.

scholarly journals Sex chromosome and sex locus characterization in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wen ◽  
Romain Feron ◽  
Qiaowei Pan ◽  
Justine Guguin ◽  
Elodie Jouanno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Sex Determination System ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Sex Locus

AbstractBackgroundGoldfish is an important model for various areas of research, including neural development and behavior and a species of significant importance in aquaculture, especially as an ornamental species. It has a male heterogametic (XX/XY) sex determination system that relies on both genetic and environmental factors, with high temperatures being able to produce female-to-male sex reversal. Little, however, is currently known on the molecular basis of genetic sex determination in this important cyprinid model. We used sequencing approaches to better characterize sex determination and sex-chromosomes in goldfish.ResultsOur results confirmed that sex determination in goldfish is a mix of environmental and genetic factors and that its sex determination system is male heterogametic (XX/XY). Using reduced representation (RAD-seq) and whole genome (pool-seq) approaches, we characterized sex-linked polymorphisms and developed male specific genetic markers. These male specific markers were used to distinguish sex-reversed XX neomales from XY males and to demonstrate that XX female-to-male sex reversal could even occur at a relatively low rearing temperature (18°C), for which sex reversal has been previously shown to be close to zero. We also characterized a relatively large non-recombining region (∼11.7 Mb) on goldfish linkage group 22 (LG22) that contained a high-density of male-biased genetic polymorphisms. This large LG22 region harbors 373 genes, including a single candidate as a potential master sex gene, i.e., the anti-Mullerian hormone gene (amh). However, no sex-linked polymorphisms were detected in the goldfish amh gene or its 5 kb proximal promoter sequence.ConclusionsThese results show that goldfish have a relatively large sex locus on LG22, which is likely the goldfish Y chromosome. The presence of a few XX males even at low temperature also suggests that other environmental factors in addition to temperature could trigger female-to-male sex reversal. Finally, we also developed sex-linked genetic markers in goldfish, which will be important for future research on sex determination and aquaculture applications in this species.

scholarly journals Heterochiasmy facilitated the establishment of gsdf as a novel sex determining gene in Atlantic halibut

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Brudvik Edvardsen ◽  
Ola Wallerman ◽  
Tomasz Furmanek ◽  
Lene Kleppe ◽  
Patric Jern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Atlantic Halibut ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Repeat Class ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Sex Determination System ◽  
Male Specific

Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) has a X/Y genetic sex determination system, but the sex determining factor is not known. We produced a high-quality genome assembly and identified parts of chromosome 13 as the Y chromosome due to sequence divergence between sexes and segregation of sex genotypes in pedigrees. Linkage analysis revealed that all chromosomes exhibit heterochiasmy, i.e. male- and female restricted meiotic recombination intervals (MRR/FRR). We show that FRR/MRR intervals differ in nucleotide diversity and repeat class content and that this is true also for other Pleuronectidae species. We further show that remnants of a Gypsy-like transposable element insertion on chr13 promotes early male specific expression of gonadal somatic cell derived factor (gsdf). Less than 4 MYA, this male-determining element evolved on an autosomal FRR segment featuring pre-existing male meiotic recombination barriers, thereby creating a Y chromosome. We propose that heterochiasmy may facilitate the evolution of genetic sex determination systems.

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