scholarly journals Priming exploration across domains: does search in a spatial environment influence search in a cognitive environment?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 201944
Author(s):  
Farid Anvari ◽  
Davide Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Search Task ◽  
Affirmative Answer ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Equivalence Test ◽  
Search Behaviour ◽  
Spatial Search ◽  
Domain Generality ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cognitive Environment

Is there a general tendency to explore that connects search behaviour across different domains? Although the experimental evidence collected so far suggests an affirmative answer, this fundamental question about human behaviour remains open. A feasible way to test the domain-generality hypothesis is that of testing the so-called priming hypothesis: priming explorative behaviour in one domain should subsequently influence explorative behaviour in another domain. However, only a limited number of studies have experimentally tested this priming hypothesis, and the evidence is mixed. We tested the priming hypothesis in a registered report. We manipulated explorative behaviour in a spatial search task by randomly allocating people to search environments with resources that were either clustered together or dispersedly distributed. We hypothesized that, in a subsequent anagram task, participants who searched in clustered spatial environments would search for words in a more clustered way than participants who searched in the dispersed spatial environments. The pre-registered hypothesis was not supported. An equivalence test showed that the difference between conditions was smaller than the smallest effect size of interest ( d = 0.36). Out of several exploratory analyses, we found only one inferential result in favour of priming. We discuss implications of these findings for the theory and propose future tests of the hypothesis.

scholarly journals Nonmonotonic Generalization Bias of Gaussian Mixture Models

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shotaro Akaho ◽  
Hilbert J. Kappen
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Gaussian Mixture Models ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Adaptive Parameters ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Training Error ◽  
Validation Experiments

Theories of learning and generalization hold that the generalization bias, defined as the difference between the training error and the generalization error, increases on average with the number of adaptive parameters. This article, however, shows that this general tendency is violated for a gaussian mixture model. For temperatures just below the first symmetry breaking point, the effective number of adaptive parameters increases and the generalization bias decreases. We compute the dependence of the neural information criterion on temperature around the symmetry breaking. Our results are confirmed by numerical cross-validation experiments.

scholarly journals The Effect of Probabilistic Information on Threshold Forecasts

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Joslyn ◽  
Karla Pak ◽  
David Jones ◽  
John Pyles ◽  
Earl Hunt
Keyword(s):  
General Tendency ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Winds ◽  
Very High

Abstract The study reported here asks whether the use of probabilistic information indicating forecast uncertainty improves the quality of deterministic weather decisions. Participants made realistic wind speed forecasts based on historical information in a controlled laboratory setting. They also decided whether it was appropriate to post an advisory for winds greater than 20 kt (10.29 m s−1) during the same time intervals and in the same geographic locations. On half of the forecasts each participant also read a color-coded chart showing the probability of winds greater than 20 kt. Participants had a general tendency to post too many advisories in the low probability situations (0%–10%) and too few advisories in very high probability situations (90%–100%). However, the probability product attenuated these biases. When participants used the probability product, they posted fewer advisories when the probability of high winds was low and they posted more advisories when the probability of high winds was high. The difference was due to the probability product alone because the within-subjects design and counterbalancing of forecast dates ruled out alternative explanations. The data suggest that the probability product improved threshold forecast decisions.

Rapid Discrimination of Julesz's Texton Patterns in Patients with Cerebral Lesions

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-254
Author(s):  
Jukka Saarinen ◽  
Ritva Laaksonen ◽  
Erja Poutiainen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Small Difference ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Target Pattern ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rapid Discrimination

Rapid visual discrimination in patients with unilateral cerebral lesions was investigated using a search task. Both the exposure duration of search arrays and the difference in the texton content between the target pattern and the background patterns were varied. Patients could detect the targets with a large texton difference more rapidly than the targets with a small difference.

Searching in the middle—Capuchins’ (Cebus apella) and bonobos’ (Pan paniscus) behavior during a spatial search task.

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Potì ◽  
Patricia Kanngiesser ◽  
Martina Saporiti ◽  
Alessandra Amiconi ◽  
Bettina Bläsing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Search Task ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Cebus Apella ◽  
Spatial Search

scholarly journals Intepreters of Luther

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-119
Author(s):  
Viggo Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Original Research ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Central Concept ◽  
Precise Formulation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The University

Interpreters of Luther. Essays in Honor of Wilhelm PauckReviewed by Viggo MortensenThe reason why this book is mentioned here is that it includes articles on Grundtvig’s and Kierkegaard’s views on Luther. A paper on Grundtvig and Luther is written by Ernest D. Nielsen, President of Grand View College, Iowa, who gives an introduction to Grundtvig’s thoughts on human life and Christianity by comparing them with Luther’s relatively well known opinions. The account is based on Den christelige Børnelærdom and Den danske Statskirke upartisk betragtet ( 1834), an^ inspiration from Kaj Thaning’s interpretation of Grundtvig is obvious, but the article does not claim to be more than an introduction to Grundtvig. A deeper analysis of the difference between Grundtvig’s and Luther’s views on man would be extremely important, however. The fact that there is a difference has been shown by Thaning (Menneske først, p. 661 ff.), and through genetico-historical investigations Michelsen has shown what this difference consists in as far as the conception of history is concerned (Tilblivelsen af Grundtvigs historiesyn, p. 127 ff.).In Denmark there is an increasing dislike against mentioning both Kierkegaard and Luther as one’s spiritual ancestors; K. E. Løgstrup is more inclined to mention Grundtvig and Luther because of the importance both of them attach to the Creation.—But are Kierkegaard’s and Luther’s views on Christianity compatible? This has never been documented in detail. Up till now scholars have contended themselves with elucidating what Kierkegaard thought about Luther, and it has been demonstrated that, gradually, Kierkegaard became more and more critical against Luther. The exception to this general tendency is Johs. Sløk’s article in Kierkegaardiana II, 1957. Only rarely has the question been analysed in a systematic way. Ernest B. Koenker’s article in the volume under review is no exception. The author is a professor of history at the University of South California. He demonstrates that the decisive points of controversy are their opinion about the Passion and the paradox of faith. According to Kierkegaard the Passion originates in the clash between the temporal and the eternal, i. e. the absolute that is the central concept in Kierkegaard’s conception of Christianity. Koenker’s essay does not claim to be a work of original research, but is does give a precise formulation of the questions to be dealt with in future research.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Genetically-Modified Crops: Conditional Equivalence Criteria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changjian Jiang ◽  
Chen Meng ◽  
Adam W. Schapaugh ◽  
Huizhe Jin
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Equivalence Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Equivalence Criterion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Criterion ◽  
The Given

AbstractThe comparative assessment of genetically-modified (GM) crops relies on the principle of substantial equivalence, which states that such products should be compared to conventional counterparts that have an established history of safe use. In an effort to operationalize this principle, the GMO Panel of the European Food Safety Authority proposed an equivalence test that directly compares a GM test variety with a set of unrelated, conventionally-bred reference varieties with part of the difference as the known background of the test (the same as the given control). The criterion of the EFSA test, however, is defined solely by genotypic differences between the non-traited control and reference varieties (i.e. the background effect) while assuming the so-called GM trait effect as zero. As the outcome of an EFSA equivalence test is determined primarily by the similarity, or lack thereof, of the control and references, a conditional equivalence criterion is proposed in this investigation that focuses on “unintended” effects of a GM trait which is irrespective of the (random) genotypic value of a given control. The new criterion also includes a mean-scaled standard similar to the 80-125% rule for bioequivalence assessment practiced in the pharmaceutical industry as an alternative when the reference variation is zero or close to zero. In addition, optional criteria are proposed with a step-wise procedure to control the rate of false negatives (non-equivalence by chance) providing a comprehensive assessment under multiple comparisons. An application to maize grain composition data demonstrates that the conditional equivalence criterion provides effect-specific and more robust assessment of equivalence than the EFSA criterion did, especially for GM traits showing negligible or no unintended effects which are likely true for most traits in the current market.

scholarly journals Features cephalometric indicators in boys and girls of various craniotypes with physiological occlusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Gunas ◽  
А.V. Маrchenko ◽  
Yu.V. Kyrychenko ◽  
E.M. Anisimov
Keyword(s):  
Young Men ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Head Width ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Face Width ◽  
A Value ◽  
Auricular Point ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Determination Of Parameters ◽  
Cephalometric Study

The study of the features of the general shape and size of the cerebral and facialskull is a necessary link in the system of complex morphometric evaluation of thestructures of the tooth-jaw system. The purpose of the study is to establish the featuresof cephalometric indices in young men and girls of different craniotypes with physiologicalbite. Cephalometric study consisted of determination of parameters of the cerebral andfacial sections of the head of 44 boys and 50 girls with physiological bite. The form ofthe head was determined by the formula ms_ms * 100 / g_op, where ms_ms is thelargest head width (occipital diameter); g_op - the largest length of the head (distancefrom glabella to opisthokranion). Up to a value of 75.9 men attributed to dolichocephals;76,0-80,9 - to mesocephals; 81,0-85,4 - to brachycephals. Statistical processing ofthe obtained results was carried out using the statistical software package "Statistica6.1" using nonparametric methods. The reliability of the difference between independentquantitative values was determined using the Man-Whitney U-criterion. Found thatdolichocephalic and hiperbrahitsefalichna shape of the head are the most rare: amongboys 6 dolichocephals found, 16 mesocephals, 19 brachycephals, 3hyperbrachycephals; and among girls - 1 dolichocephals, 16 mesocephals, 26brachycephals, 7 hyperbrachycephals. When comparing craniotypological differencesin cephalometric indices, it was found that the sagittal arc, the greatest length of thehead, the height of the red lumbar lobe in the mesocephals is significantly greater ortends to be larger than brachycephals. Conversely, the largest and smallest headwidth, face width, outer-orbital width, inter-orbital width, width of the mandible, thedistance from the auricular point to the angle of the mandible in the mesocephals issignificantly lower or tends to lower values compared to brachycephals. The value ofcephalometric parameters in young men is significantly higher than that of girls, whichis confirmed by the results of studies on the general tendency of preferences ofcephalometric linear dimensions in males. We did not detect significant sexualdifferences for only the average face width and forehead height. As a result of thestudies conducted, regardless of sex, there are significantly higher longitudinal andsmaller transverse dimensions of the facial and cerebellum of the skull in themesocephals than brachycephals.

Feature-positive discriminations during a spatial-search task with humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad M. Ruprecht ◽  
Joshua E. Wolf ◽  
Nina I. Quintana ◽  
Kenneth J. Leising
Keyword(s):  
Search Task ◽  
Spatial Search ◽  
Feature Positive
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