The Clifford Paterson Lecture, 1982 - The world’s largest accelerator: the electron–positron collider, LEP

1983 ◽  
Vol 388 (1794) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Experimental Confirmation ◽  
Grand Unification ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Member States ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Electron Positron

Particle physics theory has reached a stage where experimental confirmation of some of the predictions is needed before further progress can be made towards the grand unification of the major forces in nature. This is one of the main aims of the Large Electron–Positron Colliding-Beam Facility (LEP), the construction of which was approved last year by the twelve Member States of CERN. The reasons for the choice of such a facility are explained, and the difficulties of driving a ring tunnel, 27 km in circumference, under the countryside surrounding the present CERN site, are described. The design of the collider and its components is discussed, involving some new techniques to minimize the cost of the facility, which has to be funded out of a constant CERN budget. Finally, some of the methods of carrying out the experiments are explained, and information on the progress to date is given.

scholarly journals Twenty years of searching for the Higgs boson: Exclusion at LEP, discovery at LHC

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 1430004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dezső Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Higgs Boson ◽  
Large Hadron Collider ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Large Electron Positron

The 40 years old Standard Model, the theory of particle physics, seems to describe all experimental data very well. All of its elementary particles were identified and studied apart from the Higgs boson until 2012. For decades, many experiments were built and operated searching for it, and finally, the two main experiments of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, CMS and ATLAS, in 2012 observed a new particle with properties close to those predicted for the Higgs boson. In this paper, we outline the search story: the exclusion of the Higgs boson at the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider, and its observation at LHC.

scholarly journals The pre-LHC Higgs hunt

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2032) ◽  
pp. 20140039 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dissertori
Keyword(s):  
Higgs Boson ◽  
Large Hadron Collider ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Precise Data ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Large Electron Positron

Enormous efforts at accelerators and experiments all around the world have gone into the search for the long-sought Higgs boson, postulated almost five decades ago. This search has culminated in the discovery of a Higgs-like particle by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider in 2012. Instead of describing this widely celebrated discovery, in this article I will rather focus on earlier attempts to discover the Higgs boson, or to constrain the range of possible masses by interpreting precise data in the context of the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, I will focus on the experimental efforts carried out during the last two decades, at the Large Electron Positron collider, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, and the Tevatron collider, Fermilab, near Chicago, IL, USA.

scholarly journals The Large Hadron Collider

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1961) ◽  
pp. 831-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndon Evans
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Large Hadron Collider ◽  
Magnetic Structure ◽  
Superfluid Helium ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
Tunnel Diameter ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Electron Positron

The construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been a massive endeavour spanning almost 30 years from conception to commissioning. Building the machine with the highest possible energy (7 TeV) in the existing large electron–positron (LEP) collider tunnel of 27 km circumference and with a tunnel diameter of only 3.8 m has required considerable innovation. The first was the development of a two-in-one magnet, where the two rings are integrated into a single magnetic structure. This compact two-in-one structure was essential for the LHC owing to the limited space available in the existing LEP collider tunnel and the cost. The second was a bold move to the use of superfluid helium cooling on a massive scale, which was imposed by the need to achieve a high (8.3 T) magnetic field using an affordable Nb-Ti superconductor.

Water Pricing and Cost Recovery in Water Services in Portugal

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Aragão
Keyword(s):  
Water Pricing ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
European Water ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle ◽  
Resource Costs ◽  
The Cost

The European water directive forced the Member States to rethink the regulation of water services. Water pricing is now guided by the cost recovery principle. The costs to take into account are manly the environmental and resource costs, but also the financial ones. Portugal was no exception. The evolution from a heavily subsidized activity to a business bound by the polluter pays principle required fast changes and a somewhat difficult adaptation both of economic agents and households.

scholarly journals NMSSM light decoupled Higgs singlet at CEPC

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (34) ◽  
pp. 1746011 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Large Hadron Collider ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Higgs Bosons ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Large Electron Positron

We describe the phenomenology of light singlet Higgs bosons in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetry Model (NMSSM) which are mostly decoupled from the rest of Supersymmetry. Noting that the Large Hadron Collider has not excluded this scenario, we describe previous searches for light Higgs bosons at the Large Electron Positron collider and evaluate the sensitivity to neutralino production and decay to light singlet Higgs bosons at the proposed [Formula: see text] GeV Circular Electron Positron Collider.

scholarly journals Comparison of Cement-Based and Polymer-Based Concrete Pipes for Analysis of Cost Assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orhan Bozkurt ◽  
Mehmet İslamoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Polymer Concrete ◽  
Cost Assessment ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Concrete Pipes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Innovative Techniques

As the variety of materials utilized in construction industry has expanded, new techniques have been used in order to optimize the quality and efficiency of output. Therefore, recent innovations taking place in the construction industry led researchers to increase the mechanical efficiency of the output more than the cost effectiveness of it. However, especially professionals experiencing in the industry look into the cost effectiveness of the work. In other words, they also want researchers to justify the innovative techniques economically. The aim of this study is to provide a comparative analysis of the cost efficiency of polymer concrete used to manufacture durable and long-lasting reinforced concrete structures.

Financing Social Security and Regulation (EEC) 1408/71

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Herwig Verschueren
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Member States ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Social Security Benefits

This article seeks to provide a clearer picture of the role of methods for funding social security benefits in EC Coordination Regulation 1408/71. In past literature and in the case law surrounding Regulation 1408/71, this role has seldom been mentioned. However, this is changing in light of increasing numbers of questions emerging at both the policy-making level and at the level of Court of Justice proceedings. The first part of this paper deals with the role of different methods of financing social security in determining the material scope of the coordination regulation and the question of whether the method of financing certain benefits has a bearing on this material scope. The second part deals with the existing link within the coordination context between paying or having paid contributions and entitlement to benefits. I discuss, inter alia, the extent to which benefit levels are determined by the same legislation as that which determines contribution levels. I examine the extent to which Member States collecting contributions are also responsible for bearing the cost of the corresponding benefits and the extent to which a person who is paying or has paid contributions is entitled to benefits corresponding to those contributions. In light of this examination of the facts as they stand, I endeavour to consider possible alternatives, including the desirability of having a more direct link within the coordination context between payment of contributions and entitlement to benefits.

Radiofrequency system for CHEER

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 1803-1810
Author(s):  
J. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Linear Accelerator ◽  
Electron Linear Accelerator ◽  
Proton Collisions ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Main Ring ◽  
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ◽  
Synchrotron Oscillations ◽  
Beam Aperture

The Institute of Particle Physics is preparing a proposal to design and build a 10 GeV electron–positron ring to study electron–proton collisions at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory using the 1000 GeV protons from the Tevatron. The design and operation of a high-power electron linear accelerator is very similar to the accelerating system in an electron–positron storage ring. This report describes the design of an rf system for the main ring which has many characteristics similar to that found in the Electron Test Accelerator at Chalk River. Discussion of quantum lifetime, the amplitude of synchrotron oscillations, and the consequent choice of the size of the beam aperture have led to the design of a new structure which operates at a higher frequency than that used in the large storage rings presently in operation.

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