Quantum-electrodynamic level shifts between parallel mirrors: applications, mainly to Rydberg states

1987 ◽  
Vol 410 (1838) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Principal Quantum Number ◽  
Rydberg States ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Bohr Radius ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Angular Momenta ◽  
Level Shifts ◽  
Explicit Formulae ◽  
Very High

Hydrogen atoms in Rydberg states (principal quantum number n ≫ 1) inserted between parallel mirrors separated by a distance L suffer level shifts now becoming measurable. The analysis in the preceding paper is applied to predict these shifts ⊿. When L < n 3 a /α ( a is the Bohr radius; α = e 2 / ħc ≈ 1/137), ⊿ is basically electrostatic (‘non-retarded’), and of order ( n / 4 / L 3 mm ) x 10 ‒6 Hz (with L expressed in millimetres). When L > n 3 a /α, ⊿ is basically radiative (‘retarded’), and of order (2/ n 2 L mm x 10 4 Hz. Fine structure and hyperfine structure are taken into account, considering the extreme cases of low orbital angular momenta ( l = 0, 1), and, more briefly, very high l (with ( n — l )/ n = O (1/ n )). Explicit formulae are given in the non-retarded régime, except for very small L , where ⊿ becomes comparable with the fine structure. In the retarded régime for low l , the requisite radial integrals are not available accurately, and only rough predictions can be made.

scholarly journals The photolysis of ammonia

1940 ◽  
Vol 175 (961) ◽  
pp. 187-207 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Ammonia Molecule ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Atom Concentration ◽  
Important Discrepancy

It has been shown in the preceding paper that the hypothesis that hydrazine is responsible for the anomalously low hydrogen atom concentration in the decomposition of ammonia must be abandoned. In order to explain this important discrepancy some new experimental techniques require to be developed which will settle the matter without appeal to further hypotheses. There are two general explanations of the discrepancy: (1) the hydrogen atoms are not produced as fast as that calculated on the assumption that every ammonia molecule absorbing a quantum necessarily decomposes, (2) that some entity not yet recognized removes hydrogen atoms at a rate faster than that at which they normally recombine. In this paper methods will be described in which these two problems are solved, and finally there is a discussion of the photochemistry of ammonia in the light of the new results obtained during these experiments.

scholarly journals A CIS-DOMINANT MUTATION IN ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS AFFECTING THE EXPRESSION OF THE amdS GENE IN THE PRESENCE OF MUTATIONS IN THE UNLINKED GENE, amdA

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
Michael J Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Dominant Mutation ◽  
Amds Gene ◽  
Very High ◽  
New Mutations

ABSTRACT A mutant producing very high levels of the acetamidase enzyme encoded by the amdS gene has been isolated in a strain containing the amdA7 mutation, which itself causes high levels of this enzyme. Genetic analysis has shown that this mutation, designated amdI66, is adjacent to the amdS gene and is cis-dominant in its effect. The amdI66 mutation has little effect on amdS expression when present in strains not containing the amdA7 mutation. Two other amdA mutations investigated also interact with the amdI66 mutation to result in high acetamidase levels. No interaction between amdI66 and any of the other putative regulatory genes affecting amdS expression has been observed. The amdI66 mutation has been located by fine structure mapping at the extreme end of the controlling region, which has previously been defined by genetic mapping (Hynes 1979). Analysis of this region has been extended by mapping new mutations resulting in loss of amdS expression. One of these defines the most extreme site capable of mutation to loss of gene function found so far.

scholarly journals Self-Regular Black Holes Quantized by means of an Analogue to Hydrogen Atoms

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Liu ◽  
Yan-Gang Miao ◽  
Yu-Mei Wu ◽  
Yu-Hao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Quantum Black Hole ◽  
Extreme Black Hole ◽  
Angular Momenta ◽  
Probability Densities ◽  
Hoop Conjecture ◽  
Hole Model

We suggest a quantum black hole model that is based on an analogue to hydrogen atoms. A self-regular Schwarzschild-AdS black hole is investigated, where the mass density of the extreme black hole is given by the probability density of the ground state of hydrogen atoms and the mass densities of nonextreme black holes are given by the probability densities of excited states with no angular momenta. Such an analogue is inclined to adopt quantization of black hole horizons. In this way, the total mass of black holes is quantized. Furthermore, the quantum hoop conjecture and the Correspondence Principle are discussed.

The metachors of polyvalent and associated electrolytes in aqueous solutions

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079-1089
Author(s):  
Jiří Čeleda ◽  
Stanislav Škramovský ◽  
Jana Žilková
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Weak Electrolytes ◽  
Direct Proportionality ◽  
Very High

The quantity metachor introduced in the preceding paper was evaluated from the experimental data on surface tension of the aqueous solutions for a set of polyvalent and weak electrolytes. The almost complete concentration independence of the metachor and its direct proportionality to the number of the free charges in a dissociated molecule (observed and theoretically substantiated in the above cited paper for strong 1,1-, 1,2- and 2,1-valent electrolytes) has been verified in the present paper also for electrolytes of the higher valency types. The metachor values of fully dissociated 1,1-, 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-valent electrolytes follow a ratio (5 ± 1) : (10 ± 1.5) : 15 : 22 cm3 mol-1. Association of the electrolytes decreases correspondingly the metachor value as one can see on the case of electrolytes with bulky ions (NH4SCN, KCH3COO, Na2S2O3, hexacyanoferrates(II) or with the free acids H2SO4, H2CrO4, H3PO4 etc. A weak, in the investigated concentration range neglibility dissociated oxalic acid, consisting of small hydrated hydrophilic molecules, exhibits metachor values close to zero. Dibasic organic acids with a larger number of hydrophobic CH2 groups reach very high negative metachor values, however, their salts again possess metachor values close to 10 cm3 mol-1 - in accordance with the values found for strong 1,2-valent electrolytes. The metachors of ZnCl2 and CdCl2 decrease sharply from the last mentioned value, with increasing concentration while the metachor value of zinc perchlorate remains unchanged at the level corresponding to the fully dissociated salt. This is in agreement with the well known sequence of tendency of the d10-cations to form complexes with the Cl- and ClO-4 anions. All these facts have verified that the metachor can be, in principle, applied for a diagnostic states of the electrolytes in aqueous solutions.

Absorption spectrum of the NO molecule. VIII. The heterogeneous (2Σ–2Π) interactions between excited states

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 987-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Jungen ◽  
E. Miescher
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Rydberg State ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Principal Quantum Number ◽  
Rydberg States ◽  
Infrared Emission ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Rydberg Series

Heterogeneous perturbations 2E+ ~ 2Π of largely different magnitudes are observed with high resolution in the vacuum-ultraviolet absorption and in the infrared emission spectrum of the NO molecule. The rotational interactions between 2Σ+ Rydberg states and levels of the B2Π non-Rydberg state are shown to be "configurationally forbidden", but produced by the configuration interaction between the non-Rydberg levels and 2Π Rydberg states. The latter together with the 2Σ+ Rydberg states form p complexes. In this way the interactions display the l uncoupling in the complexes; they can be evaluated theoretically and can be analyzed fully. The cases of the strong interactions D2Σ+(v = 3) ~ B2Π(v = 16)and D2Σ+(v = 5) ~ B2Π(v = 21) and of the weaker D2Σ+(v = 1) ~ B2Π(v = 11), all three observed as perturbations in ε bands crossing 3 bands, are discussed in detail. It is further shown that perturbations between γ bands and β bands as well as perturbations between analogous bands of higher principal quantum number are absent, and thus the assignment of the A2Σ+ and E2Σ+ states to the s Rydberg series is confirmed.

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