Competing cognitive pressures on human exploration in the absence of trade-off with exploitation

Exploring novel environments through sequential sampling is essential for efficient decision-making under uncertainty. In the laboratory, human exploration has been studied in situations where exploration is traded against reward maximisation. By design, these ‘explore-exploit’ dilemmas confound the behavioural characteristics of exploration with those of the trade-off itself. Here we designed a sequential sampling task where exploration can be studied and compared in the presence and absence of trade-off with exploitation. Detailed model-based analyses of choice behaviour revealed specific exploration patterns arising in situations where information seeking is not traded against reward seeking. Human choices are directed toward the most uncertain option available, but only after an initial sampling phase consisting of choice streaks from each novel option. These findings outline competing cognitive pressures on information seeking: the repeated sampling of the current option (for hypothesis testing), and the directed sampling of the most uncertain option available (for structure mapping).

GEOSPATIAL APPROACH FOR GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AT DISTRICT OF MERSING

Effective geological information evaluation is essential for accurate site characterization. A major concern in geological mapping is to locate the accurate location of the geological information. The geoinformation approach such as precise GPS surveying and UAV mapping could be integrated with other geospatial information to augment the geological information. This research aims to integrate the geoinformation approach into geological structure mapping. To achieve the overall purpose of the study, the objective identified was the establishment of a high-precision control point by using Precise GPS measurement in the study area. Therefore, the establishment of GPS data observations involves the establishment of primary networks and several GPS controls points within the study area. Subsequently, the GPS positioning has been processed to produce a topographic information map and to support the collection of geological data in the study area. It is hoped that the integration of the geoinformation approach has been provided a significant increase in geological information at the district of Mersing.

Gender Representation in the Lexical Functional Grammar

Gender marking is a language universal, although some languages have a stronger Gender-marking grammar. The Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), a linguistic theory, has a set of rules and levels to render for Gender marking. Bornee and developed within the larger framework of the Generative Grammar, the Lexical Functional Grammar has become a standalone autonomous theoretical theory. This paper draws data from French language to present a comprehensive development of Gender-marking analysis within the Lexical Functional Grammar Framework. Fundamentally, the LSG posits for four phrase structures, which are the C-structure representing lexical entries, the F-structure, which deals with the functional information, the A-structure, which structures predicate-argument relationships, and the ơ-structure, which handles semantic representations. Although the grammatical gender is arrayed all over the four structures, it is mainly presented in this paper as a feature in the lexicon, typically integrated in the C-structure and F-structure mapping.

Measures of Function and Structure to Determine Phenotypic Features, Natural History, and Treatment Outcomes in Inherited Retinal Diseases

Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are at the forefront of innovative gene-specific treatments because of the causation by single genes, the availability of microsurgical access for treatment delivery, and the relative ease of quantitative imaging and vision measurement. However, it is not always easy to choose a priori, from scores of potential measures, an appropriate subset to evaluate efficacy outcomes considering the wide range of disease stages with different phenotypic features. This article reviews measurements of visual function and retinal structure that our group has used over the past three decades to understand the natural history of IRDs. We include measures of light sensitivity, retinal structure, mapping of natural fluorophores, evaluation of pupillary light reflex, and oculomotor control. We provide historical context and examples of applicability. We also review treatment trial outcomes using these measures of function and structure. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Wittgenstein’s Bridge A Linguistic Account of Visual Representation

This paper uses structure-mapping to bridge the divide between the analytical and visual culture traditions of image interpretation. Wittgenstein’s analytic ‘picture theory of meaning’ from his early period, and his cultural theory of ‘meaning as use’ from his later period are used to show that the terms similarity, analogy and metaphor can be applied to both image and linguistic interpretation. As a result, by the mapping of similarity and analogy onto the analytic approach, and by the mapping of metaphor onto the visual culture approach, a common linguistic ground for the comparison of these two approaches to image interpretation can be established.

Geological Structure and Tectonic Reconstruction of Botutonuo and Surrounding Areas, Gorontalo

<p class="Normal1"><em><span>The research aimed to reconstruct the geological structure and tectonics based on fault, shear fracture and veins data of the Botutonuo and surrounding areas. This research was conducted with DEM interpretation method to determine the lineament pattern of rock offsets and the geological structure mapping method. Geological structure analysis was carried out by using kinematic analysis method of fault, fracture and veins data using the Win Tensor program to obtain the direction and type of stress forming it. Based on the results of the analysis, extensive stress and transtensive stress trendingN-S resulted direction of Normal Fault and Slip Fault (NE-SW). Extensional stress trending (NE-SW) is the result of reorientation stress trending (N-S) in the North Sulawesi arm which is accommodated by the Gorontalo Fault regime. Normal fault and slip fault are the 2nd order faults of the 1st order faults of Gorontalo faults.</span></em></p>

TomoSAR Mapping of 3D Forest Structure: Contributions of L-Band Configurations

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements are unique for mapping forest 3D structure and its changes in time. Tomographic SAR (TomoSAR) configurations exploit this potential by reconstructing the 3D radar reflectivity. The frequency of the SAR measurements is one of the main parameters determining the information content of the reconstructed reflectivity in terms of penetration and sensitivity to the individual vegetation elements. This paper attempts to review and characterize the structural information content of L-band TomoSAR reflectivity reconstructions, and their potential to forest structure mapping. First, the challenges in the accurate TomoSAR reflectivity reconstruction of volume scatterers (which are expected to dominate at L-band) and to extract physical structure information from the reconstructed reflectivity is addressed. Then, the L-band penetration capability is directly evaluated by means of the estimation performance of the sub-canopy ground topography. The information content of the reconstructed reflectivity is then evaluated in terms of complementary structure indices. Finally, the dependency of the TomoSAR reconstruction and of its structural information to both the TomoSAR acquisition geometry and the temporal change of the reflectivity that may occur in the time between the TomoSAR measurements in repeat-pass or bistatic configurations is evaluated. The analysis is supported by experimental results obtained by processing airborne acquisitions performed over temperate forest sites close to the city of Traunstein in the south of Germany.