scholarly journals The development of Trypanosomes in tsetse flies

1910 ◽  
Vol 82 (556) ◽  
pp. 368-388 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Trypanosoma Gambiense ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

In the 'Proceedings,' of the Royal Society (B, vol. 81, 1909) a paper was published describing a single experiment illustrating the development of Trypanosoma gambiense in Glossina palpalis This experiment was carried out at Mpumu, Uganda, near Lake Victoria, in the spring of 1909. Since that date many experiments, on the same lines, have been made, not only with Trypanosoma gambiense but also with Trypanosoma dimorphon, Trypanosoma nanum , and Trypanosoma vivax . It is proposed to describe these further experiments in this paper. It will be remembered that Kleine, in German East Africa, at the end of 1908, made the discovery that Glossina palpalis could convey Trypanosoma brucei for some 50 days after the fly had fed on an infected animal. Following Kleine’s lead, our experiments were carried out, at first with Lake-shore flies, afterwards with flies bred in the laboratory.

scholarly journals Experiments to ascertain if Trypanosoma gambiense during its development within Glossina palpalis is infective

1911 ◽  
Vol 83 (565) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infected Animal ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Interesting Fact ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Trypanosoma Gambiense ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

It will be remembered that the injection of chopped-up tsetse flies ( Glossina morsitans ) a short time after feeding on an infected animal, did not give rise to nagana. As this was thought to be an interesting fact, and difficult of explanation, experiments were carried out on the same lines with Trypanosoma gambiense and Glossina palpalis . It tsetse flies ( Glossina palpalis ) are fed upon an animal whose blood contains Trypanosoma gambiense , the trypanosomes can be found living within the intestines of some of the flies for several days after they were ingested. In a small percentage (0·5 to 2·0 per cent.) of flies so infected, active trypanosomes may be found swarming in their intestines on any day between the seventh and the fiftieth day, or even longer, after they have been fed upon an infected animal.

scholarly journals Glossina palpalis as a carrier of trypanosoma vivax in Uganda

1909 ◽  
Vol 82 (552) ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Trypanosoma Gambiense ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

One of the important trypanosome diseases of cattle in uganda is that caused by Trypanosoma vivax (Ziemann). This species of trypanosome appears to be widely distributed in Central Africa. It has been reported from Senegal, the Sudan and Erthrea in the North, to Rhodesiain the South. It is fairly easily recognised on account of its extreme activity during life, its characteristic shape in stained specimens, and the fact that it only affects cattle, goats, and sheep ; while monleys, dogs, rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and mice are refractory. Its carriers have usually been reported as tabanus and stomoxys. This short note is written to place on record that fact, that in Uganda the tsetse flies, Glossina palpalis , which are found in large numbers on the Lake-shore, are infected, not only by Trypanosoma gambiense , the cause of sleeping sickness, but also by Trypanosoma vivax . The first experiment which showed that these tsetse flies are infected with the latter trypanosome was the following:-

scholarly journals The development of trypanosoma gambiense in glossina palpalis

1909 ◽  
Vol 81 (550) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
German East Africa ◽  
Trypanosoma Gambiense ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

The following experiment is so complete in itself that no apology is offered for publishing it by itself. In 1903 the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society came to the conclusion that the carrying of infection from a sleeping sickness patient to a healthy person by the Glossina palpalis was a mechanical act, and required no previous development of the parasite within the fly. The commission also held that the power of transferring the disease was lost to the fly 48 hours after it had fed on an infected person. Koch and Stuhlmann, in German East Africa, described developing forms in Glossina , but did not succeed in infecting healthy animals by the injection of these forms.

Human African trypanosomiasis

2010 ◽  
pp. 1119-1127
Author(s):  
August Stich
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Tropical Africa

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness) is caused by two subspecies of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei: T. b. rhodesiense is prevalent in East Africa among many wild and domestic mammals; T. b. gambiense causes an anthroponosis in Central and West Africa. The disease is restricted to tropical Africa where it is transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (...

scholarly journals Prevalence of Cattle Trypanosomosis and Apparent Density of Its Fly Vectors in Bambasi District of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Morka Amante ◽  
Hika Tesgera
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Trypanosomosis is the most serious disease of cattle, which causes great socioeconomic losses in the country. Its socioeconomic impact is reflected on direct losses due to mortality, morbidity, and reduction in milk and meat production, abortion and stillbirth, and also costs associated with combat of the disease are direct losses. A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence of cattle trypanosomosis, and the apparent density and distribution of its fly vectors in selected study areas. The methods employed during the study were buffy coat technique for parasitological study and deploying trap for the collection of tsetse flies. A total of 1512 flies were trapped, and among them, 1162 were tsetse flies while 350 were biting flies. Higher apparent density for tsetse fly (7.7 F/T/D) followed by Stomoxys (0.9 F/T/D), Tabanus (0.8 F/T/D), and Hematopota (0.6 F/T/D) was recorded. Out of 638 examined cattle, the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area was 9.1% (58/638). Out of positive cases, Trypanosoma congolense (7.7%) was the dominant trypanosome species followed by Trypanosoma vivax (0.9%), Trypanosoma brucei (0.2%), and mixed infection of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma vivax (0.3%). There was no a significant difference (p>0.05) in trypanosome infection between age, sex, and trypanosome species. The prevalence of trypanosomosis on the bases of body condition was 2.8% for poor, 5.5% for medium, and 0.8% for good body condition. The overall prevalence of anemia was (36.8%), and presence of anemia was higher in trypanosome positive animals (62.5%) than in negative animals (34.3%) which is statistically significant (p<0.05, CI = 1.794–5.471). The overall mean packed cell volume (PCV) value for examined animals was 25.84 ± 0.252SE. Mean (PCV) of parasitaemic cattle (9.1%) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of aparasitaemic cattle (90%). This survey showed that trypanosomosis is still a core problem for livestock production of the study area. Therefore, more attention should be given to the control of both the disease and its vectors.

scholarly journals Experiments to ascertain if the domestic fowl of uganda may act as a reservoir of the virus of sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma gambiense)

1911 ◽  
Vol 83 (564) ◽  
pp. 328-334 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Lake Shore ◽  
Avian Blood ◽  
Trypanosoma Gambiense ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

Birds of various species are very numerous on the shores of Lake Victoria. Of these, cormorants, darters, herons (African grey and purple, and other species), ibises (glossy and sacred), fish-eagles, weaver birds (various species), terns (various species), gulls, geese (Egyptian and spur-winged), plovers (various species), pratincoles, storks, kingfishers and gallinules are the most common. These birds all inhabit areas where the Glossina palpalis are numerous, and some evidence is forthcoming that in Nature the fly feeds on avian blood. In view of the continued infectivity of the fly in the depopulated areas of the Lake-shore, it is clear that every effort should be made to ascertain the source of such infectivity. Search for a reservoir of the virus of Sleeping Sickness at once suggests itself, and to those acquainted with the fauna of the Lake-shore, an avian host would be included amongst the various species requiring investigation.

scholarly journals Antelope as a reservoir for Trypanosoma gambiense

1912 ◽  
Vol 85 (579) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Lake Shore ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Trypanosoma Gambiense ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

In considering the problem of the prolonged infectivity of Glossina palpalis along the shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza, the subject must be approached from three points of view:— Firstly. Some idea of the percentage of infected wild flies must be obtained from time to time, in order to gauge the efficacy of the reservoir. Secondly. The wild animals frequenting the lake shore must be examined for T. gambiense. Thirdly. The effect of T. gambiense on these animals should be studied in the laboratory.

scholarly journals Further researches on the development of trypanosoma gambiense in glossina palpalis

1911 ◽  
Vol 83 (567) ◽  
pp. 513-527 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Trypanosoma Gambiense ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

The object of these experiments was to try to discover if there is any definite cycle of development of the trypanosome of Sleeping Sickness in the tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis , and if the late or renewed infectivity of the fly coincides with any phase in this development. The mode of experimentation was to feed a cageful of laboratory-bred tsetse flies on an animal whose blood contained numerous trypanosomes, and at the end of various times to kill the flies and examine their intestinal contents. This was done for periods of one day, two days, three days, and so on, up to 56 days. The microscopical examination of preparations made from the intestinal contents on the various days gave information as to the number and appearance of the trypanosomes.

scholarly journals Antelope infected with Trypanosoma gambiense

1912 ◽  
Vol 84 (574) ◽  
pp. 484-492
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Human Strain ◽  
Excellent Health ◽  
Trypanosoma Gambiense ◽  
Glossina Palpalis ◽  
Clean Laboratory

The Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society, Uganda, 1908—10, showed that waterbuck, bushbuck and reedbuck could be readily infected with a human strain of Trypanosoma gambiense , and that clean laboratory-bred Glossina palpalis were capable of transmitting the virus from the infected antelope to susceptible animals. In the present paper, observations which were made upon these antelope during the eight months subsequent to the Commission's departure from Uganda are recorded. Experiments are also described which show that the duiker—another species of antelope common in most parts of Uganda—can also be similarly infected with a human strain of T. gambiense . As regards the antelope employed by the Commission, six of the nine remained in apparently excellent health in April, 1911—roughly, a year after they were infected.

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