THE EFFECIENCY OF ENTERIC LACTOBACILLUS IN PREVENTING HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS AND BLOCKING SHIGA TOXINS PRODUCTIONS IN RATS MODELS INFECTED WITH ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI (EHEC)

The objective of this study was to investigate the prophylactic roles of human enteric derived Lactobacillus plantarum L1 (Ll) and Lactobacillus paracasei L2 (L2), on EHEC O157:H7 infection in rodent models (In vivo). The Lactobacillus suspensions (L1 and L2) were individually and orally administered to experimental rats at a daily two consecutives of 100 μl (108 CFU/ ml/rat) for up to two weeks. Thereafter, on the 8th day of experiment rats were orally challenged with one dose infection of EHEC (105 CFU/ml/rat). Animals mortality and illness symptoms have been monitored. There was no fatal EHEC infection in rats that had been pre‑colonized with the Lactobacillus strains, while most of EHEC infected rats were died (90%). The Stx1 and Stx2 levels were significantly lower (14 and 12 folds) in the L1and L2 pre-inoculated rates respectively, compared with those in the EHEC colonized group. Histological sections were proven the prophylactic roles of L1 and L2, whereas, no effective histological upsets were detected in Lactobacillus + EHEC- colonized rats. The cytopathic symptoms were predominant in kidney and intestinal sections of EHEC infected rats. The kidney sections cytopathy manifested to lining membrane ulceration, infiltration of mononuclear cells and glomerular and tubular epithelium necrosis. The striking attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions were prominent in intestinal sections of EHEC infected animal models.

A Unique Case of Fatal Coinfection Caused by Leptospira spp. and Hepatozoon canis in a Red Fox Cub (Vulpes vulpes)

Red foxes are the most abundant wild carnivore species in Europe commonly exposed to pathogenic Leptospira and Hepatozoon canis. Despite high seroprevalence, the clinical disease caused by these pathogens in red foxes has never been reported. Herein, we report the first-ever case of a fatal Leptospira spp. and H. canis coinfection in a two-month-old red fox cub with acute haemolytic anaemia, mild bronchopneumonia, intraalveolar haemorrhage, and tubulonephrosis. The presence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. DNA was detected in the kidney and lung tissues of the infected animal. In contrast to our previous knowledge, we believe that such fatal cases due to concomitant infection by Leptospira spp. and H. canis, especially in young animals, may commonly occur in nature. However, further studies are required to identify other factors that possibly contribute to the severity and the pathogenic effect of Leptospira spp. and H. canis infections in red foxes.

Anti-trypanosomal activity of crude and nano-conjugated ethanol stem bark extracts of Sterculia setigera in mice

This study was carried out to screen for anti-trypanosomal activities of Sterculia setigera crude and nano-conjugated ethanol extracts of synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Fresh stem bark of S. setigera was separately extracted with ethanol (ES) and aqueous (AS) followed by green synthesis/reduction of ethanol extract with AuNPs, and its formulation into nano-conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate (berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered toTrypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at 200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nano conjugates of S. satigera conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate(berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nanoconjugates of S. satigera conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate (berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at 200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nanoconjugates of S. satigera and berenil were also orally administered to different groups of rats for 12 days consecutively. Theresults showed that the ethanol extract treated group recorded significant decrease in parasitaemia than the aqueous treated group when compared with the untreated controlgroups (p<0.05). Furthermore, treatment with both the nanoconjugates effectively cleared the parasites from the blood circulation of the infected animal (p<0.05). Bodyweight and PCV of treated groups improved significantly in all the treated animals (p<0.05). The ethanol extract ofS. setigera exhibited trypanostatic activity while its nano-conjugated was trypanocidal.

Dampak Trichinella sp. dalam Daging Babi Terhadap Kesehatan Masyarakat

Trichinellosis/Trichinosis is one of the most common zoonotic parasites in the world caused by infection with Trichinella nematodes. The infection occurs after the larvae have been eaten in the muscles of the infected animal. Due to its spread and spread, several outbreaks of trichinosis have occurred around the world, which has caused serious public health problems. The main risk factor for trichinosis is the consumption of raw or undercooked meat from pigs and hunted meat. In the first stage of infection, adults nematode in the intestine can cause transient gastroenteritis, but the most serious symptoms are associated with the larval formation and muscle migration. a study conducted in India to investigate at the clinical and biochemical profile of Trichinella infection stated that clinical symptoms first appeared at 2-3 weeks after consuming pork and the symptoms would gradually disappear at 4-5 weeks, but there were also some who experienced myalgia. Supervision and implementing proper biosecurity in livestock areas by monitoring and surveillance of the risk of Trichinella infection in pig products and their derivatives as well as preventing transmission to humans.

NO Synthesis in Immune-Challenged Locust Hemocytes and Potential Signaling to the CNS

Similar to vertebrates, insects are exposed to a broad variety of pathogens. The innate insect immune system provides several response mechanisms such as phagocytosis, melanization, and the synthesis of antimicrobial or cytotoxic compounds. The cytotoxic nitric oxide (NO), which is also a neurotransmitter, is involved in the response to bacterial infections in various insects but has rarely been shown to be actually produced in hemocytes. We quantified the NO production in hemocytes of Locusta migratoria challenged with diverse immune stimuli by immunolabeling the by-product of NO synthesis, citrulline. Whereas in untreated adult locusts less than 5% of circulating hemocytes were citrulline-positive, the proportion rose to over 40% after 24 hours post injection of heat-inactivated bacteria. Hemocytes surrounded and melanized bacteria in locust nymphs by forming capsules. Such sessile hemocytes also produced NO. As in other insect species, activated hemocytes were found dorsally, close to the heart. In addition, we frequently observed citrulline-positive hemocytes and capsules near the ventral nerve cord. Neurites in the CNS of sterile locust embryos responded with elevation of the second messenger cGMP after contact with purified adult NO-producing hemocytes as revealed by immunofluorescence. We suggest that hemocytes can mediate a response in the CNS of an infected animal via the NO/cGMP signaling pathway.

Report of One-Year Prospective Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Dogs and Cats in France with Various Exposure Risks: Confirmation of a Low Prevalence of Shedding, Detection and Complete Sequencing of an Alpha Variant in a Cat

Despite the probable zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, only limited research efforts have been made to understand the role of companion animals in SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology. According to recent serological prevalence studies, human-to-companion animal transmission is quite frequent, which led us to consider that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animal to human, albeit negligible in the present context, may have been underestimated. In this study, we provide the results of a prospective survey that was conducted to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 isolation rate by qRT-PCR in dogs and cats with different exposure risks and clinical statuses. From April 2020 to April 2021, we analyzed 367 samples and investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using qRT-PCR. Only four animals tested positive, all of them being cats. Three cats were asymptomatic and one presented a coryza-like syndrome. We describe in detail the infection in two cats and the associated clinical characteristics. Importantly, we obtained SARS-CoV-2 genomes from one infected animal and characterized them as Alpha variants. This represents the first identification of the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant in an infected animal in France.

Mycobacterium bovis meningitis together with systemic brucellosis

M. bovis and Brucella spp. are zoonotic bacteria that can infect humans. These pathogens are usually seen in people who are primarily engaged in animal husbandry and consume infected animal products separately. Although our country is endemic for tuberculosis and brucellosis, it is rare to detect these two pathogens concomitantly. Thus, the case is instructive and unusual in terms of the coexistence of two concomitant zoonotic pathogens. Keywords: M. bovis; meningitis; brucellosis; concomitant.

A comparative network approach to assess the social-ecological underpinnings of zoonotic outbreaks at human-wildlife interfaces

Pandemics caused by wildlife-origin pathogens, like COVID-19, highlight the importance of understanding the ecology of zoonosis at human-wildlife interfaces. To-date, the relative effects of human-wildlife and wildlife-wildlife interactions on zoonotic outbreaks among wildlife populations remain unclear. In this study, we used social network analysis and epidemiological Susceptible Infected Recovered (SIR) models, to track zoonotic outbreaks through wild animals social-ecological co-interactions with humans and their social grooming interactions with conspecifics, for 10 groups of macaques (Macaca spp.) living in (peri)urban environments across Asia. Outbreak sizes predicted by the SIR models were related to structural features of the social networks, and particular properties of individual animals connectivity within those networks. Outbreak sizes were larger when the first-infected animal was highly central, in both types of networks. Across host-species, particularly for rhesus and bonnet macaques, the effects of network centrality on outbreak sizes were stronger through macaques human co-interaction networks compared to grooming networks. Our findings, independent of pathogen-transmissibility, suggest that for wildlife populations in the Anthropocene, vulnerability to zoonotic outbreaks may outweigh the potential/perceived benefits of interacting with humans to procure anthropogenic food. From One Health perspectives, animals that consistently interact with humans (and their own conspecifics) across time and space are useful targets for disease-control.

A STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING ANIMAL BITE AMONG GENERALAND SLUM POPULATION IN KOLKATA

INTRODUCTION: India is the second largest contributor to Rabies mortality in the world. According to a recent report of World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 55,000 human deaths are reported every year worldwide due to rabies, with an overwhelming majority of 32,000 cases reported in Asia of which 20,000 occur in India. AIMS: The general awareness about the rabies in general population, awareness of people about anti rabies vaccines and health services utilization. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study was an observational, questionnaire-based study. For the purpose of this thesis, a descriptive co relational analytical survey was used, in which a qualitative approach was undertaken to determine the answers of mentioned research questions. st st The study was slum to the general people. The expected duration of the study was approximately six months between 1 January 2019 to 30 Dec 2019. RESULTAND DISCUSSION:We found that 77(51.3%) patients answered that on being bitten from an infected animal, both people and animals can get rabies, 46(30.7%) patients answered that on several sorts of contact with an infected animal (e.g. bite, lick, scratch) people and animals can get rabies and 27(18.0%) patients don't know how can people and animals get rabies. It was found that 113(75.3%) patients had answered that the person who is infected with rabies gets crazy/mad/dangerous, 10(6.7%) patients had answered that the person who is infected with rabies of some can get better/get treatment/do not die and 27(18.0%) patients had answered they don't know about the outcome of the treatment. It was found that 60(40.0%) patients had answered rabies treatable, 63(42.0%) patients had answered no and 27(18.0%) patients had answered do not know. We found that 145(96.7%) patients preferred to take Anti-rabies vaccine. 75(50.0%) patients answered yes, these vaccines available free of cost in govt. hospitals, 82.0% of the study populations were found to have heard about rabies; Most of them had good knowledge regarding rst-aid measures. Our ndings indicate that the urban community has good knowledge about rabies but unfortunately, they are unaware about rabies fatality. Hence, there is need to create awareness regarding wound management and post-exposure immunization. CONCLUSION:The knowledge, attitude and practices with respect to prevention and treatment of rabies were found adequate amongst the urban population. Thus, community based health education may be increased in these areas to create awareness regarding rabies.

Changes in Serum Mineral Composition During Poxvirus Infection in Sheep and Their Lambs

Minerals have crucial roles in terms of vital function in the organism including hormones, enzymes, cell formation etc. Oxidative stress and related hormones, regarding infectious diseases, affect all functions of body including mineral taking, metabolism and excretion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the pox disease on blood minerals composition of sheep and lambs. This study was conducted on 20 healthy sheep, 20 poxvirus infected sheep and their lambs (Totally 80 subjects). One-shot blood samples from sheep and lambs were collected and serums were separated immediately. Serum mineral levels were analysed in the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In general, the level of Cu in infected animals was higher than in healthy ones. Zn, Fe, Mg and Na levels of healthy animals were found higher than infected subjects. The difference between healthy and infected animal groups for serum Ca and K levels was not significant. Positive correlations were found between serum Zn, Fe, Mg and Na levels. However, a negative correlation was found between Cu-Zn and Cu-Fe pairs. Consequently, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg and Na levels in serum, which are vital for animal organisms, showed significant changes in sheep and their lambs during poxvirus infection. To rapid healing or prevention of the diseases, mineral disorders must be corrected urgently.