scholarly journals Experiments on the egg-laying instincts of the sawfly, Pontania salicis Christ., and their bearing on the inheritance of acquired characters; with some remarks on a new principle in evolution

1927 ◽  
Vol 101 (707) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Habits ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Natural Manner ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Inheritance Of Acquired Characters ◽  
Acquired Characters

In the course of genetical investigations (Harrison, 1920) in the lepidopterous genus Oporabia I conceived the idea that the inherited instinct of Oporabia filigrammaria HS. to deposit its eggs on heather ( Calluna vulgaris ) was the direct result of long-continued isolation on treeless heather-clad moorlands, involving a compulsory diet of that plant; in other words, I felt that the development of the instinct and its inheritance were Lamarckian effects. To test these views experimentally, by attempting a transference in the food habits of other insects, seemed far from difficult, and search was forthwith made for material easy to manipulate in captivity. No forms appeared more adapted for the purpose than the Geometrid moths Lycia hirtaria Cl. and Phigalia pedaria F., which I had employed in former experiments. However, the technique adopted, at any rate as applied to these insects, proved unsatisfactory and had therefore to be modified. Unexpected difficulties, riot in securing oviposition in a state of semicaptivity but in its taking place in a natural manner on the food plant, were immediately encountered.

scholarly journals VII. Transmission of environmental effects from parent to offspring in simocephalus vetulus

1913 ◽  
Vol 203 (294-302) ◽  
pp. 319-350 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
External Stimulus ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
Simocephalus Vetulus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Lamarckian Inheritance ◽  
Inheritance Of Acquired Characters ◽  
Acquired Characters

Two distinct sets of phenomena can be distinguished, each of which gives the appearance of the inheritance of acquired characters. Somatic induction (Detto; = "Somatische Reizleitung” of Plate) corresponds to Lamarckian inheritance in its strictest sense, where the soma acquires a certain character in response to a certain stimulus, and then influences the germ plasm in such a way as to cause it to produce offspring exhibiting the same character even in the absence of the special stimulus that was needed to produce it in the ancestor. Parallel induction (Detto; = “Simultanreize” of Plate) is applied to cases in which the same external stimulus affects both germ plasm and somatoplasm in the same way, simultaneously but independently. Whereas probably most zoologists think that the existence of somatic induction has not been demonstrated, many well-established cases of parallel induction have been described. Probably all cases of persistence of the effects of a previous environment on offspring bred in a different environment also come under this heading. In the following pages I have described some experiments on parallel induction carried on on a large scale and with measurable characters, lending themselves therefore to biometrical treatment. Special attention has been paid to the all important subject of controls, as will be described in the proper place. The organism I have employed is Simocephalus vetulus , a common Daphnid which adapts itself easily to breeding in captivity.

Lamarck’s Two Legacies: A 21st-Century Perspective on Use-Disuse and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Jablonka ◽  
Ehud Lamm
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Biological Plasticity ◽  
Inheritance Of Acquired Characters ◽  
The Law ◽  
Acquired Characters

<p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Abstract </strong></span>| Lamarck has left many legacies for future generations of biologists<span class="s2"><strong>. </strong></span>His best known legacy was an explicit suggestion, developed in the <em>Philosophie zoologique </em>(PZ), that the effects of use and disuse (acquired characters) can be inherited and can drive species transformation.This suggestion was formulated as two laws, which we refer to as the law of biological plasticity and the law of phenotypic continuity<span class="s2"><strong>. </strong></span>We put these laws in their historical context and distinguish between Lamarck’s key insights and later neo-Lamarckian interpretations of his ideas<span class="s2"><strong>.</strong></span>We argue that Lamarck’s emphasis on the role played by the organization of living beings and his physiological model of reproduction are directly relevant to 21st-century concerns, and illustrate this by discussing intergenerational genomic continuity and cultural evolution.</p>

Investigations on the Cotton Bollworm, Heliothis armigera, Hübn

1940 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Heliothis Armigera ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Cotton Bollworm ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
The Given

Studies of the food-plant associations of Heliothis armigera have elicited the information that, for all practical purposes, egg-laying may be considered as confined to the period of florescence. Evidence of coincidence of the oviposition and flowering curves is submitted for 21 species of short-flowering crops and 8 species of long-flowering crops. All told, records taken in nearly 1,000 crops have been consulted for the conclusions drawn.As regards short-flowering species, the peaks, as well as the confines, of the oviposition and flowering curves are related closely. But oviposition on long-flowering species may decline while flowering is still in progress, or two or more waves of oviposition may be evident according to the number of moth flights spanned by the flowering period. The courses of oviposition on long-flowering species of crop in the given instances are interpreted through knowledge of the train of moth flights: although egg-laying in quantity occurs within the flowering period, peak layings frequently are not aligned with maximum flower production because the calendar times of moth flights are displaced in relation thereto.

A study of the olfactory responses of insect parasites to the food plant of their host

Parasitology ◽  
1938 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Thorpe ◽  
H. B. Caudle
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Insect Parasites

1. Pimpla ruficollis is a parasite of the pine shoot moth Rhyacionia (Evetria) buoliana Schiff. (Eucosmidae) which emerges from its host a considerable time before the next generation of larvae are ready for oviposition. It seems that during this period the parasites leave the pine trees and feed on the flowers of certain Umbelliferae and probably other plants. Only after 3 or 4 weeks do they return to the pine trees where the shoots now contain larvae ready for egg laying.2. It has been shown by means of olfactometer experiments that during this first period of the adult life, the parasites are repelled by the odour of oil of Pinus sylvestris. At this time the ovaries are very small and are probably not ready for the production of eggs. After the third or fourth week of life the females become attracted by the oil of P. sylvestris and the ovaries are now relatively large.3. Since Geraniol is known to be a constituent of certain conifers, this substance was also tested. It was, however, found to be invariably repellent to the parasites.4. There is some evidence that conclusions reached as a result of experiments with P. ruficollis also apply to the ophionine ichneumonid Eulimneria rufifemur.

scholarly journals Perceptions and satisfaction of human–animal encounters in protected areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-458
Author(s):  
Martina Dell'Eva ◽  
Consuelo Rubina Nava ◽  
Linda Osti
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Natural Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Nature Park ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the role of animals in creating a satisfactory experience at a natural park by investigating the impact on visitors of the exposure to, or absence of, fauna, towards the visitors’ overall experience. Design/methodology/approach The work is based on a quantitative data collection of tourists visiting a nature park. Altogether, 532 valid questionnaires were collected and used for the analysis. A series of factor analyses was conducted on pull and push factors for animal encounters. The resulting factor domains (FDs) were used as independent variables in ordinal logistic regression models to describe customer satisfaction. Findings The results of this study show that important FDs characterize the main visitor characteristics. Although human–animal encounters are an important factor for some visitors, the encounters should be encouraged in the most natural manner possible and not in captivity. This brings us to the concept of “Interpretation”, where guides and guided tours can help with the encounters. Information given prior to and during the visit can ensure visitors are aware that animal encounters are subject to nature and cannot be guaranteed. Originality/value The presence of areas where a number of animals are in captivity and can be viewed by visitors is an important decision for national parks and protected areas, as animals represent a potential attraction for visitors. Nevertheless, this decision creates an ethical dilemma in relation to the exploitation of animals, exacerbated by recent and increasing pressure on sustainable management. This study provides valuable results for guiding park managers in making reasoned decisions.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Acquired Characters

Nature ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 131 (3299) ◽  
pp. 95-95
Author(s):  
R. L. JENKINS
Keyword(s):  
Inheritance Of Acquired Characters ◽  
Acquired Characters
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document