Drug inhibition of memory formation in chickens I. Long-term memory

1971 ◽  
Vol 178 (1053) ◽  
pp. 439-454 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Permanent Storage ◽  
Drug Inhibition ◽  
Two Stages

1. A one-trial passive avoidance learning task using day-old chickens is described and shown to be suitable for testing the effects of direct intracranial injection of drugs. 2. Inhibitors of the sodium pump have been found to block the formation of long-term memory only if present at the time of learning. 3. Inhibitors of protein synthesis will prevent long-term memory formation even if they are administered after learning. 4. From this, there appear to be at least two stages in the formation of memory. A short-term phase dependent on membrane mechanisms leads to permanent storage dependent on protein synthesis.

The Integrated Stress Response in Memory and Cognitive Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqunae L. Mays ◽  
Mauro Costa-Mattioli
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Integrated Stress Response ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Wide Range

The integrated stress response (ISR) is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular signaling network that responds to proteostasis defects and stress conditions by tuning protein synthesis rates. While it has been long recognized that long-term memory formation requires new protein synthesis, our understanding of the central translational control mechanisms that regulate memory formation has advanced vastly. Indeed, novel causal and convergent evidence across different species and model systems shows that the ISR serves as a universal regulator of long-term memory formation. This chapter discusses the evidence explaining how inhibition of the ISR enhances long-term memory formation while activation of the ISR prevents it. In addition, it highlights the role of the ISR in different forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity in the brain. Finally, the chapter addresses how dysregulated ISR signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of a wide range of cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders and discusses the future prospects for therapeutically targeting the ISR for the treatment of cognitive disorders.

Cutting of the rat hippocampal commissure impairs short-term memory but not long-term memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukitoshi Sakaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Dynamic Memory ◽  
Hippocampal Commissure ◽  
Functional Laterality ◽  
Left And Right

Split-brain experiments, which have been actively conducted since the twentieth century, have provided a great deal of insight into inter-hemispheric functional laterality and interactions. However, how communication between the left and right hippocampi directly contributes to memory formation is still poorly understood. To address this issue, we cut the rat hippocampal commissure (HC) connecting the left and right hippocampi prior to behavioral tests, which comprised of four memory tasks. The result showed that cutting the HC impairs short-term memory but not long-term memory. This suggests that the HC contributes mainly to the appropriate formation of short-term memory by mediating communication between the left and right hippocampi. Our findings would help to elucidate dynamic memory formation in the hippocampus and contribute to the development of therapeutics for some neurological diseases which cause a reduction in the inter-hemispheric interaction.

scholarly journals Long-Term Retention Explained by a Model of Short-Term Learning in the Adaptive Control of Reaching

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 2948-2955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilsaan M. Joiner ◽  
Maurice A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Long Term Retention

Extensive theoretical, psychophysical, and neurobiological work has focused on the mechanisms by which short-term learning develops into long-term memory. Better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the ability to improve the efficiency of training procedures. A key phenomenon in the formation of long-term memory is the effect of over learning on retention—discovered by Ebbinghaus in 1885: when the initial training period in a task is prolonged even beyond what is necessary for good immediate recall, long-term retention improves. Although this over learning effect has received considerable attention as a phenomenon in psychology research, the mechanisms governing this process are not well understood, and the ability to predict the benefit conveyed by varying degrees of over learning does not yet exist. Here we studied the relationship between the duration of an initial training period and the amount of retention 24 h later for the adaptation of human reaching arm movements to a novel force environment. We show that in this motor adaptation task, the amount of long-term retention is predicted not by the overall performance level achieved during the training period but rather by the level of a specific component process in a multi-rate model of short-term memory formation. These findings indicate that while multiple learning processes determine the ability to learn a motor adaptation, only one provides a gateway to long-term memory formation. Understanding the dynamics of this key learning process may allow for the rational design of training and rehabilitation paradigms that maximize the long-term benefit of each session.

Short-term memory formation and long-term memory consolidation are enhanced by cellular prion association to stress-inducible protein 1

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 282-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana S. Coitinho ◽  
Marilene H. Lopes ◽  
Glaucia N.M. Hajj ◽  
Janine I. Rossato ◽  
Adriana R. Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Inducible Protein
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