scholarly journals Observations and experiments on pus

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 383-384
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Aqueous Fluid ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Uniformly Smooth ◽  
History Of

The author prefaces the account of his experiments and observations on the nature and properties of purulent fluids, by an etymological disquisition concerning the origin of the word Pus, and the various senses which philologists may discover for the word πvos , besides the distinct signification given to it by Hippocrates, of a thick, white, inodorous, uniformly smooth fluid, which is contained in an abscess. From the etymology, Dr. Pearson next proceeds to the history of the several opinions that have been entertained respecting the formation of purulent matters, and of the characters by which different persons have endeavoured to distinguish real pus, from such purulent fluids as ought rather to be considered as modifications of mucus. Since nothing appears to have been added since the date of Mr. Home’s dissertation on pus, which was written in the year 1798 Dr. Pearson’s history concludes with an outline of Mr. Home’s account of the nature of pus. According to him, pus is composed of globules swimming in a transparent aqueous fluid. The globules, on which its opacity depends, are formed subsequently to the secretion of the transparent fluid. They are not soluble in cold water, like those of blood, but are decomposed by boiling water; and the fluid in which they swim is not coagulable by heat, as serum, but is coagulable by sal-ammoniac, which does not coagulate serum. Dr. Pearson’s examination of pus is divided into six sections, of which the first treats of the simple and obvious properties; and he distinguishes four different kinds of pus.

scholarly journals II. Contributions towards the history of thiobenzamide

1870 ◽  
Vol 18 (114-122) ◽  
pp. 499-502
Keyword(s):  
Pure State ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Alcoholic Solution ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Free Iodine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Starch Paste ◽  
Sulphuretted Hydrogen

When a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through a solution of benzonitrile in alcoholic ammonia, the liquid, after the lapse of a few hours, deposits fine yellow needles, which are the thiobenzamide, C 7 H 7 NS = C 7 H 5 S} N H} N H} N, discovered by M. Cahours. It can be obtained in a pure state by recrystallization from boiling water. When a cold saturated alcoholic solution of this body is mixed with an alcoholic solution of iodine, the latter is immediately decolorized with separation of sulphur. If the addition of iodine solution be continued until even after a short boiling free iodine remains, which can readily be detected by starch-paste, the solution filtered from the sulphur, and poured into water, solidifies to a mass of white interlaced needles, which can readily be freed from adhering hydriodic acid by washing with cold water.

scholarly journals Integration of cooking and vacuum cooling of carrots in a same vessel

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Gustavo Gonçalves Rodrigues ◽  
Darlene Cavalheiro ◽  
Franciny Campos Schmidt ◽  
João Borges Laurindo
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Single Vessel ◽  
Vacuum Cooling ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
Integrated Processes

Cooked vegetables are commonly used in the preparation of ready-to-eat foods. The integration of cooking and cooling of carrots and vacuum cooling in a single vessel is described in this paper. The combination of different methods of cooking and vacuum cooling was investigated. Integrated processes of cooking and vacuum cooling in a same vessel enabled obtaining cooked and cooled carrots at the final temperature of 10 ºC, which is adequate for preparing ready-to-eat foods safely. When cooking and cooling steps were performed with the samples immersed in boiling water, the effective weight loss was approximately 3.6%. When the cooking step was performed with the samples in boiling water or steamed, and the vacuum cooling was applied after draining the boiling water, water loss ranged between 15 and 20%, which caused changes in the product texture. This problem can be solved with rehydration using a small amount of sterile cold water. The instrumental textural properties of carrots samples rehydrated at both vacuum and atmospheric conditions were very similar. Therefore, the integrated process of cooking and vacuum cooling of carrots in a single vessel is a feasible alternative for processing such kind of foods.

scholarly journals Integrating paleontology, geothermometry, and sedimentology in determining the history of the Reelfoot Basin, southern midcontinent, U.S.A.

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 243-243
Author(s):  
J.E. Repetski ◽  
M.E. Taylor ◽  
D.S. Collins ◽  
A.R. Palmer ◽  
G.D. Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Seismic Zone ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Early Ordovician ◽  
Lower Ordovician ◽  
History Of

The northeast-trending Reelfoot basin, extending from northeast Arkansas and westernmost Tennessee into southeastern Missouri, southernmost Illinois, and westernmost Kentucky, is geologically, and socioeconomically, significant because it is co-extensive with the New Madrid Seismic Zone, one of the most seismically active areas of the central and eastern United States. The basin has been periodically active from its inception as a rift basin in the Proterozoic to the present and has accumulated up to at least 5,000 m of sediment, including up to at least 1 km of Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary strata near the head of the Mississippi Embayment. Structural and stratigraphic interpretations within the subsurface pre-Mesozoic part of the basin have been based almost entirely on geophysical and physical stratigraphic criteria; these interpretations have been loosely constrained due to an extreme sparsity of drillhole data through the Paleozoic sequence. Recent analysis of Cambrian and Ordovician fossils (conodonts, palynomorphs, brachiopods, and trilobites) from cuttings and core from a very few drillholes allows establishment of the beginnings of a verifiable stratigraphy for this part of the sequence. The paleontological data also provide (1) biofacies evidence for interpretations of the depositional setting during part of the Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician interval and (2) thermal maturation data pertaining to the post-depositional geothermal history of these strata.Upper Cambrian phosphatic brachiopods and trilobites provide improved correlations between strata in the basin, the Ozark shelf to the northwest, and the Upper Mississippi River Valley. Cold-water-realm palynomorphs and trilobites from siliciclastic rocks of turbiditic origin in the central part of the Reelfoot basin support an interpretation, based on sedimentary structures in a short interval of core, of a deep-water basinal origin for these strata.Lower Ordovician conodonts provide a biostratigraphy for the carbonate rocks of this part of the sequence; correlations can be made with the shallow-water sequences of the Knox, Prairie du Chien, and Arbuckle Groups, and the Ozark sequence of the adjacent shelf areas to the east, north, and west. The uppermost Lower Ordovician strata in the basin record a short-term incursion of cooler water environments, reflected by the character of both the conodont fauna and the lithofacies. The youngest Paleozoic dates known from the basin south of the Pascola arch are latest Ibexian (Early Ordovician).Thermal alteration indices of both the Cambrian palynomorphs (organic-walled microphytoplankton) and Ordovician conodonts in the deeper parts of the basin, corroborated by fluid inclusion thermometry, vitrinite reflectance, and other geochemical techniques, are of higher values than predicted using any published estimates of overburden burial. These maturation values most likely reflect burial enhanced by the passage of hydrothermal fluids on a regional scale; they place constraints on interpretations of the tectonothermal evolution of the basin.

Past hot fluid flows in limestones detected by Δ47–(U-Pb) and not recorded by other geothermometers

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Brigaud ◽  
Magali Bonifacie ◽  
Maurice Pagel ◽  
Thomas Blaise ◽  
Damien Calmels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Thermal History ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Aqueous Fluid ◽  
Rift System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clumped Isotope ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Rock Eval

Abstract Geothermometers are commonly used to reconstruct the diagenetic and thermal history of rocks. However, characterizing the timing, origin, and temperature of paleofluid flow remains challenging because it must be assessed indirectly through the analysis of microscopic cements that precipitate and fill intergranular spaces during fluid circulation. Here, we measure both the clumped isotope (Δ47) temperature and in situ U-Pb age of individual diagenetic calcite cements within a sedimentary section of the Paris Basin (France), whose thermal history has been previously inferred to be <60 °C. We show that cementation occurred during two stages associated with major events at the western European lithospheric scale: (1) the Bay of Biscay rifting (Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous), and (2) north-south Pyrenean compression (Eocene) followed by east-west extension during the European Cenozoic rift system event (Oligocene). Related to both events, we report unexpectedly hot fluids, up to 110 °C, contrasting with the lower temperatures inferred from other geothermometers (e.g., fluid inclusions, clay minerals, apatite fission tracks, maturity of organic matter by Rock-Eval pyrolysis, or vitrinite reflectance). These high temperatures (>70 °C) have been measured for calcite cements containing single-phase aqueous fluid inclusions, challenging the commonly accepted assertion that the absence of nucleation of a vapor phase indicates crystallization at low temperature (∼<70 °C). We suggest that the kinetics of mineralization events prevented the recording of short-lived hot fluid flows by other geothermometers.

A Brief History of Local Anesthesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Nathan ◽  
Lynda Asadourian ◽  
Mark A Erlich
Keyword(s):  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Stimulant Effect ◽  
Local Pain ◽  
Hypodermic Syringe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Head Neck

ABSTRACT Mankind has, throughout its existence, been engaged in the quest to control the pain associated with disease and trauma. Evidence from over 4500 years ago demonstrates the Egyptians use of methods to compress peripheral nerves. Homer's Iliad relates the use of herbal remedies for pain control. Other early writings describe the use of electricity generated by the Torpedo ray for pain control as well as cold water and ice for pain reduction. These techniques, in their various incarnations, comprised the main armamentarium of local pain control until the early 1800's when the early framework for the hypodermic syringe emerged in America. Cocaine, noted for its stimulant effect as well as numbing properties, was first brought to Europe by Vespucci. The combination of a workable syringe and the purification of Cocaine by Niemann essentially gave birth to modern local anesthesia. Halsted would perform the first injections of cocaine via hypodermic syringe into a proximal nerve for distal pain control, introducing modern conduction local anesthesia. All that remained was the introduction of numerous blockers of nerve depolarization, combined with vasoconstrictors, to minimize systemic toxicity, and we arrive at the modern state of local anesthesia. How to cite this article Nathan J, Asadourian L, Erlich MA. A Brief History of Local Anesthesia. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016; 7(1):29-32.

scholarly journals Mudanças Ambientais Ocorridas entre Abrolhos (BA) e Cabo Frio (RJ) ao Longo do Holoceno, e sua Resposta nas Associações de Foraminíferos

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
RAQUEL FERNANDA PASSOS ◽  
SILVIA HELENA MELLO E SOUsA ◽  
MICHEL MICHAELOVITCH MAHIQUES
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Globigerinoides Ruber ◽  
History Of ◽  
Globorotalia Truncatulinoides ◽  
Stable Oxygen ◽  
Cabo Frio

The assemblages of foraminifera present in eight box cores collected on the continental slope between Abrolhos Bank (BA) and Cabo Frio (RJ), were studied to determine the Holocene paleoceanographical history of the region. This study employed classical techniques for the analysis of paleoceanography, such as stable oxygen isotopes, micropaleontology and AMS 14C datings. Information on sea surface paleotemperature was obtained by measuring the abundance of various taxa of foraminifera: Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerinoides sacculifer as  indicators of warm water masses; Globigerina bulloides and Globigerinita sp. of cold water masses; Globorotalia menardii of warm climate and Globorotalia truncatulinoides of cool climate. The data obtained are in accordance with the results of isotopic analysis and other studies which have been carried out in this region. This study revealed a strong relationship between temperature and primary productivity in the Cabo Frio region, variation in the terrigenous input furnished by the Rio Doce, and occurrence of a regional upwelling southward of the Abrolhos Bank that was associated with sea level changes reflecting events associated with the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 18 Ka BP).

Tanaidacea (Crustacea) of the Northeast Atlantic: non-filiform species of Anarthruridae Lang from the Atlantic Margin

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 471 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAHAM BIRD
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
New Genera ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Atlantic Margin ◽  
Group D ◽  
Deep Sea Fauna

Anarthrurid tanaidaceans are common in the bathyal zone west of the British Isles and their identification has been difficult. The complex history of the taxonomy and classification of the Family Anarthruridae Lang is summarised and H.J. Hansen s Leptognathia group d from the Ingolf expeditions is transferred to the Anarthruridae. Three known species are re-described (Anarthrurasimplex, Leptognathia latiremis, and L. glacialis). In addition, five new genera are erected and five new species described. A key to their identification is given. Zoogeographic patterns indicate a cold-water fauna north of the Faeroes and Iceland and a separate Atlantic Deep Sea fauna along the Hebrides-Porcupine-Biscay slope.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of the formation history of the Darwin Mounds, N Rockall Trough: How the dynamics of a sandy contourite affected cold-water coral growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 378 ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lissette Victorero ◽  
Dominique Blamart ◽  
Edwige Pons-Branchu ◽  
Mark N. Mavrogordato ◽  
Veerle A.I. Huvenne
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Coral Growth ◽  
Formation History ◽  
Rockall Trough ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water Coral

p/Z Behavior for Geothermal Steam Reservoirs

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (06) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Brigham ◽  
William B. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Production History ◽  
Cumulative Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Geysers ◽  
Oil And Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Production Characteristics

Abstract Certain of the natural geothermal-energy reservoirs are of the type called "vapor dominated." These reservoirs contain steam in the top of the reservoir and may contain boiling water below. Some simplifying assumptions were made to predict the pressure and temperature vs production history of pressure and temperature vs production history of such reservoirs. These predictions are compared with normal hydrocarbon gas reservoirs using the standard p/Z plots.The results show that the presence of a boiling water phase will have a considerable effect on the pressure behavior of such systems. Further, the pressure behavior of such systems. Further, the porosity of the system will have a marked effect. porosity of the system will have a marked effect. Extrapolations of early data will be optimistic if the porosity is low and pessimistic if the porosity is high. In all cases, the steam zone will remain at the original temperature, though the temperature of the boiling water drops as the pressure declines. Introduction Two basic types of geothermal reservoirs are being used commercially worldwide to produce electric power. One type produces hot water from the reservoir. This water is partially flashed at the surface, producing steam to drive the turbo-generators. The two largest installations of this type are at Wairekei in New Zealand and Cerro Prieto in Mexico, just south of the Imperial Valley of California. The other type of reservoir has been called vapor dominated. The fluid is slightly superheated steam at reservoir conditions and nearly all the produced fluid is steam, with small amounts of inert gases. The two major installations of this type are at the Geysers in northern California and at Lardarello in Tuscany, Italy.Although these latter reservoirs contain large volumes of steam as vapor, there is a possibility that they also contain boiling water at great depths. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behavior of steam and steam-water systems as they are produced. We would like to know whether the pressure vs production characteristics of these pressure vs production characteristics of these systems differ from each other enough to give clues as to the original nature of the reservoir. Such information might be extremely useful in predicting the reserves of such systems.We will look at three basic systems. The first is a system completely filled with steam but no water present. The second is a system where there is present. The second is a system where there is water on the bottom and steam on top. As steam is produced, some of the water will boil and the liquid produced, some of the water will boil and the liquid level will drop with production. The third system also will contain liquid water on the bottom, but we will assume that the liquid boils throughout the liquid system and that the liquid level will not drop. In this system a steam saturation builds up within the boiling liquid zone.We will assume that for all these reservoirs the fluid influx is negligible. We recognize that in an actual reservoir system, the fluid influx rate might be important compared with the production rate, but this simplifying no-influx assumption usually should be used in first-step analyses of reservoirs. Further, there is evidence that this assumption is valid for at least the Geysers and the Wairekei reservoirs. MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES Normally in oil and gas reservoirs, only a material balance is necessary. Although boiling and condensation occur in such reservoirs, the heat effects are so small that an energy balance is not necessary. The reservoirs remain essentially isothermal. STEAM ONLY If only steam is in the reservoir (with no water), the same isothermal characteristics hold as for oil and gas reservoirs. This is because the heat capacity of the rock is so large compared with that of steam. Thus, a steam reservoir can be treated in the same way as an ordinary gas reservoir; we can plot p/Z vs cumulative production and get a plot p/Z vs cumulative production and get a straight line. The intercept on the abscissa is equal to the original fluid in place. The equation is (1) SPEJ P. 407

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