On a new phenomenon of electro-magnetism

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 189-190
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Magnetic Rotation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Humphry Davy ◽  
Electro Magnetic

About fifteen months ago it occurred to Sir Humphry Davy to try the action of a magnet upon mercury, connected in the electric circuit; and having very lately had occasion to repeat the experiment in a more perfect manner, by the aid of a battery, consisting of a single pair of plates of about 100 square feet, constructed for the London Institution, under the direction of Mr. Pepys, he is induced to lay the result of the experiment before the Royal Society, as presenting a phenomenon which may prove important hereafter in its relations to the theory of electro-magnetism. When two wires were placed in a basin of mercury, perpendicular to the surface, and in the voltaic circuit of the above-mentioned battery, the mercury revolved according to the common law of electro-magnetic rotation, upon presenting a magnet either above or below the wires; and the velocity was increased by using the opposite poles of two magnets, one above and the other below the mercury. When the pole of the magnet was held above the mercury, and between the two wires, the circular motion ceased, and currents took place in the mercury in opposite directions. These and other circumstances induced Sir Humphry Davy to believe that the passage of the electricity through the mercury, produced motions independent of the magnet, and that the rotations described were owing to a composition of forces; and, moreover, that such motions would, from the position of the wires, occur chiefly at the lower surface of the mercury; he therefore inverted the form of the experiment, bringing the copper wires through two holes in the bottom of a glass basin, with so much mercury in it as to stand one tenth of an inch above the polished ends of the wires. Upon making the communication with the battery, the surface of the mercury was elevated into a small cone above each of the wires, from which waves flowed off in all directions, the only apparent point of rest being central, between the wires. These cones were diminished by the approximation of the pole of a magnet, which produced rotation, and on bringing it near enough, a depression of the mercury above the pole. The above phenomenon appeared, independent of any elevation in the temperature of the mercury, nor can it be attributed to electric repulsion. It must be referred to forces producing motions in right lines, or undulations from the surfaces of the wires as a centre; and it seems, says the author, strongly opposed to the idea of the electro-magnetic results, being produced by the motion of a single imponderable fluid.

scholarly journals XIII. On a new phenomenon of electro-magnetism

1823 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Form ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Magnetic Rotation ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Chemical Attraction ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Mechanical Suspension ◽  
The Way

On a subject so obscure as electro-magnetism, and connected by analogies more or less distinct with the doctrines of heat, light, electricity, and chemical attraction, it is not difficult to frame hypotheses ; but the science is in a state too near its infancy to expect the developement of any satisfactory theory ; and its progress can only be ensured by new facts and experiments, which may prepare the way for extensive and general reasonings upon its principles. Influenced by this opinion, I am induced to lay before the Society an account of an electro-magnetic phenomenon I observed about fifteen months ago in the laboratory of the Royal Institution, and which I have lately had an occasion of witnessing in a more perfect manner, through the kindness of Mr. Pepys, by the use of a large battery, constructed under his directions for the London Institution, and containing a pair of plates of about two hundred square feet. In describing this phenomenon, I shall not enter into very minute details, because the experiments, which led to the discovery of it, are very simple, and, though more distinct with a large apparatus, yet it may be observed by the use of a pair of plates containing from ten to fifteen square feet. Immediately after Mr. Faraday had published his ingenious experiments on electro-magnetic rotation, I was induced to try the action of a magnet on mercury connected in the electrical circuit, hoping that, in this case, as there was no mechanical suspension of the conductor, the appearances would be exhibited in their most simple form; and I found that when two wires were placed in a basin of mercury perpendicular to the surface, and in the voltaic circuit of a battery with large plates; and the pole of a powerful magnet held either above or below the wires, the mercury immediately began to revolve round the wire as an axis, according to the common circumstances of electro-magnetic rotation, and with a velocity exceedingly increased when the opposite poles of two magnets were used, one above, the other below.

Common Lawà l'americaine

1966 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Apelbom
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Occupation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Common ◽  
English Law ◽  
Considerable Body ◽  
Clear Line

Eighteen years after attaining independence Israel remains essentially a common law country. Introduced by the British Mandatory administration to supplement the Ottoman legislation in force at the time of the British occupation of Palestine, the common law has been retained by the Israeli legislator, so far as not modified or replaced by local legislation. But this common law, far from being residual only, also embraces a considerable body of interstitial law developed by two generations of judges, British, Palestinian and Israeli, in the process of applying and interpreting statute law—whether Ottoman, Mandatory or Israeli—according to common law methods. On the other hand the importation of common law institutions was neither wholesale nor systematic and in a number of fields no clear line of demarcation can be drawn between domestic and English law.

XXIII. On the water-barometer erected in the hall of the Royal Society

1832 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 539-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Tube ◽  
French Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Made In

I have for some time entertained an opinion, in common with some others who have turned their attention tot he subject, that a good series of observations with a Water-Barometer, accurately constructed, might throw some light upon several important points of physical science: amongst others, upon the tides of the atmosphere; the horary oscillations of the counterpoising column; the ascending and descending rate of its greater oscillations; and the tension of vapour at different atmospheric temperatures. I have sought in vain in various scientific works, and in the Transactions of Philosophical Societies, for the record of any such observations, or for a description of an instrument calculated to afford the required information with anything approaching to precision. In the first volume of the History of the French Academy of Sciences, a cursory reference is made, in the following words, to some experiments of M. Mariotte upon the subject, of which no particulars appear to have been preserved. “Le même M. Mariotte fit aussi à l’observatoire des experiences sur le baromètre ordinaire à mercure comparé au baromètre à eau. Dans l’un le mercure s’eléva à 28 polices, et dans Fautre l’eau fut a 31 pieds Cequi donne le rapport du mercure à l’eau de 13½ à 1.” Histoire de I'Acadérmie, tom. i. p. 234. It also appears that Otto Guricke constructed a philosophical toy for the amusement of himself and friends, upon the principle of the water-barometer; but the column of water probably in this, as in all the other instances which I have met with, was raised by the imperfect rarefaction of the air in the tube above it, or by filling with water a metallic tube, of sufficient length, cemented to a glass one at its upper extremity, and fitted with a stop-cock at each end; so that when full the upper one might be closed and the lower opened, when the water would fall till it afforded an equipoise to the pressure of the atmo­sphere. The imperfections of such an instrument, it is quite clear, would render it totally unfit for the delicate investigations required in the present state of science; as, to render the observations of any value, it is absolutely necessary that the water should be thoroughly purged of air, by boiling, and its insinuation or reabsorption effectually guarded against. I was convinced that the only chance of securing these two necessary ends, was to form the whole length of tube of one piece of glass, and to boil the water in it, as is done with mercury in the common barometer. The practical difficulties which opposed themselves to such a construction long appeared to me insurmount­able; but I at length contrived a plan for the purpose, which, having been honoured with the approval of the late Meteorological Committee of this Society, was ordered to be carried into execution by the President and Council.

Duty Not To Accept Benefits From Third Parties

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamlyn Lloyd ◽  
Haywood Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Common ◽  
Breach Of Duty

One of the consequences of the common law principle that a director must avoid conflicts of interest was that a director could not have an interest in a transaction with the company unless he had disclosed all material facts about the interest to the members and they had approved or authorized his having the interest. Authorization by the board was not sufficient. If the other party to the transaction had notice of the irregularity, the company might rescind the contract. The director might also be liable for breach of duty and under a duty to account for profits obtained by reason of such dealings.

Part III The right To Terminate, 5 Breach of Condition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stannard John E ◽  
Capper David
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right

This chapter focuses on breach of condition. The first situation in which termination will be available is where the other party has broken a ‘condition’. A condition is a stipulation in a contract, be it a contract of sale or some other contract, the breach of which gives rise to the right to ‘treat the contract as repudiated’. When is a term a ‘condition’? A term can be made a condition either by express stipulation or by implication. The chapter then distinguishes condition from various other concepts with which it may appear to have similarities, but which work in different ways. It also looks at time stipulations and the divergent approaches of the common law and equity to time stipulations.

Part II Formation, 6 Consideration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrews Neil
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
The Common

If the contract has not been formalized as a deed, the agreement will be recognized as legally effective only if the party suing has provided something at the other party’s request as a bargained element. The doctrine continues to apply, but some of its extensions have been either abandoned or diluted. The doctrine of consideration applies not just to initial agreements but to agreements to vary contracts. In the variation context, a notable modern development is that a promise to pay more for performance can be enforced if the court can identify that the promise of extra remuneration is underpinned by a commercial advantage to the person expecting performance. This is the ‘practical benefit’ aspect of variation agreements. Also in the context of variations, the Common Law continues to refuse to recognize a gratuitous promise to extinguish or reduce a debt which has accrued under the contract. It remains controversial whether there is any equitable qualification on this last proposition if the debtor has acted in reliance on the promised and favourable variation made by the creditor.

scholarly journals VII.—On the Motion of a Heavy Body along the Circumference of a Circle

1865 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Edward Sang
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Elliptic Functions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Magazine ◽  
Circular Arc ◽  
Heavy Body ◽  
Great Ease ◽  
Fourth Volume ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

In the year 1861 I laid before the Royal Society of Edinburgh a theorem concerning the time of descent in a circular arc, by help of which that time can be computed with great ease and rapidity. A concise statement of it is printed in the fourth volume of the Society's Proceedings at page 419.The theorem in question was arrived at by the comparison of two formulæ, the one being the common series and the other an expression given in the “Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine” for November 1828, by a writer under the signature J. W. L. Each of these series is reached by a long train of transformations, developments, and integrations, which require great familiarity with the most advanced branches of the infinitesimal calculus; yet the theorem which results from their comparison has an aspect of extreme simplicity, and seems as if surely it might be attained to by a much shorter and less rugged road. For that reason I did not, at the time, give an account of the manner in which it was arrived at, intending to seek out a better proof. On comparing it with what is known in the theory of elliptic functions, its resemblance to the beautiful theorem of Halle became obvious; but then the coefficients in Halle's formulæ are necessarily less than unit, whereas for this theorem they are required to be greater than unit.

Is the Prisoner's Character Indivisible?

1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Gooderson
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
A Charge

“There is no such thing known to our procedure as putting half a prisoner's character in issue and leaving out the other half.” This observation fell from Humphreys J. in delivering the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal in R. v. Winfield (1939). The purpose of this article is to suggest that at common law this statement is not borne out by principle or by authority. The effect on the common law where the prisoner elects to go into the witness-box in exercise of the statutory opportunity created by the Criminal Evidence Act, 1898, will also be considered. The type of situation that arises is illustrated by Winfield's Case, where the facts, in brief, were that on a charge of indecent assault, W. put in issue his good character for sexual morality, and the prosecution in cross-examination proved his previous convictions for offences involving dishonesty. The court held that such cross-examination was proper. The question is whether the evidence of the good or bad character of the prisoner must be confined to the trait or traits relevant to the type of crime charged. It will be submitted that the evidence must be so confined. On an indictment for murder, evidence of the good or bad character of the prisoner for honesty will be inadmissible. Not only the crime charged but also the circumstances in which it is alleged to have been committed must be considered. If the murder is committed with a hammer, character for peace and quiet on the one hand and for violence on the other will be admissible, but not if it is a case of slow poisoning.

Developments in Pledges of Land in Ghanaian Customary Law

1967 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon R. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
The Common

There are two principal methods whereby land may be used as security for a loan in Ghana. One is the customary law transaction called a mortgage by Sarbah.2 The other is the common law mortgage. It will be convenient to refer to the customary law transaction as a “pledge”, because the creditor obtains possession of the land, and the present article is not concerned with the use of chattels as security. Accordingly, “mortgage” will always mean a common law mortgage.

scholarly journals An experiment on electro-magnetic rotation

1876 ◽  
Vol 24 (164-170) ◽  
pp. 403-407
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Magnetic Polarity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Magnetic Rotation ◽  
Magnetic Pole ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Spiral Form ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Made In

The phenomena of the rotation of movable conductors, carrying currents, about lines of magnetic force are well known. One form of experiment, commonly called the rotating spark, presents, beside the actual rotation, some peculiar features which do not appear to have been noticed in detail. The instrumental arrangements consist of a partially exhausted chamber with a platinum point for one terminal, a ring for the other, and the intervening air or other gas for the movable conductor. The chamber is made in the form of a double cylinder, so that a magnet inserted through the ring may reach nearly to the point. The discharge then passes between the point and the ring, and revolves about the magnet according to Ampere’s law. But beside the rotation, and even when, through weakening of the magnet, rotation does not actually take place, the spark, when carefully observed, is seen to assume a spiral form ; and the spiral is right-handed or left-handed according to both the direction of the current and the magnetic polarity. This effect is particularly noticeable if the magnetic pole be inserted only a short distance beyond the ring. The discharge is then seen to spread itself out sheetwise on the ring in the direction in which rotation would take place. The edge of the sheet is in the form of a helix.

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