Cerebrospinal Fluid

The total volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles and subarachnoid space is about 150 mL. The absorption of CSF is directly linked to intracranial pressure. In steady states, the rate of CSF absorption equals CSF formation, and the normal resting pressure of CSF is typically between 150 and 180 mm H2O (reference range, 65-200 mm H2O [5-15 mm Hg]). The most common cause of error in measurement of CSF pressure is failure to position the patient properly (the correct position is lateral decubitus; the right atrial pressure serves as the reference [0 mm H2O]).

Analysis on Grammatical Error of Student’s Writing Descriptive Text

The research paper is entitled “Analysis on GraError of Student’s Writing Descriptive Text”. The aims of the research were to find out what kinds of grammatical error made by eight grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Pasirjambu in writing descriptive text and to analyze what causes of the grammatical error in writing descriptive text. The sample of the data was collected by giving writing test , which consisted of 31 students. Qualitative research was used by the researcher as the research method. From the total of 246 sentences of the samples, the research finding showed that misformation was the highest error that students made in writing descriptive text. The percentage of the errors was 104 (53%) from the total error 196. Whereas, the lowest percentage of the error was found in misordering with the percentage 19 (10%). On the other hand, there were some causes of the error made by students of the eight grade of Junior High School in writing descriptive text suc as the language interference, carelessness and translation. The highest cause of error on percentage 53% was found in first language interference. Meanwhile, the lowest cause of error was translation with the total percentage 10 %. It showed that the students still had difficulties in writing descriptive text. It was caused by the language interference, the second was Therefore, the teacher had to give the appropriate method for the students in teaching descriptive text and using appripiate media and interesting material to help them easy to understand the lesson. So that the error related to writing descriptive text could be minimized. Key words: Descriptive text, error, error analysis, grammar

Visual Illusions in Radiology: Untrue Perceptions in Medical Images and Their Implications for Diagnostic Accuracy

Errors in radiologic interpretation are largely the result of failures of perception. This remains true despite the increasing use of computer-aided detection and diagnosis. We surveyed the literature on visual illusions during the viewing of radiologic images. Misperception of anatomical structures is a potential cause of error that can lead to patient harm if disease is seen when none is present. However, visual illusions can also help enhance the ability of radiologists to detect and characterize abnormalities. Indeed, radiologists have learned to exploit certain perceptual biases in diagnostic findings and as training tools. We propose that further detailed study of radiologic illusions would help clarify the mechanisms underlying radiologic performance and provide additional heuristics to improve radiologist training and reduce medical error.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT IN CONSTRUCTING SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE MADE BY THE SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS OF LAW FACULTY

This research was aimed to find out the subject-verb agreement error made by the second semester students of Law Faculty UNIKA Santo Thomas. From the findings, 27% of the instruments answered by the students were identified error. There were 4 kinds of error made by the students in constructing subject-verb agreement. They were omission error, addition error, misformation error, and misordering error. In omission error, there were 26 errors occurred. In addition error, there were 5 errors occurred. In misformation error, there were 54 errors occurred. In misordering error, there was 1 error occurred. Among all of the errors that had been identified, misformation error was the most dominan error faced by the students. Based on the analysis, the possible cause of error was because of the students did not understand well about the construction of the simple present tense mastery. Although only 27% instrument was identified error, it was considered that the students’ lack of knowledge in structure could give serious impact to their writing. It was suggested that the students need to enrich their knowledge at least in the mastery of the simple present tense, specially in the construction of subject-verb agreement. In other hand, the faculty need to make extra class for the English subject to give the students more chance to enhance their English knowledge. This would support the vision of UNIKA Santo Thomas in achieving International Level University.

Energy Metering Integrated Circuit Behavior beyond Standards Requirements

During the last few years, the accuracy of static electricity meters (SEM) has been questioned. Significant metering deviations with respect to a reference meter have been observed at customer premises, and laboratory experimental tests results support such findings. The root cause of such errors remains unknown, as there are multiple elements that could affect the accuracy of electricity meters. Furthermore, standard compliant meters exposed to distorted signals may produce negligible, positive or negative relative error depending on the instrument design. Distorted current signals with fast amplitude transitions have produced the highest error in SEMs reported in the literature. In this paper, the accuracy of an energy metering Integrated Circuit (IC) is evaluated beyond the limits of the standards requirements employing a selection of distorted signals from the standards, real-world captured signals and a set of waveforms designed to test the IC under fast changing currents conditions, which are representative of the waveforms resulting from power electronic devices. The experimental results reveal an accuracy boundary imposed by Gibb’s phenomenon for fast changing current signals and a strong relationship between the IC’s measurement error and two key parameters of the measured waveform: signal slope and phase angle. This paper therefore provides a methodology for the comprehensive analysis of SEMs in future power systems which are dominated with power electronic-controlled electrical demand and contributes to the search for the root cause of error in SEMs exposed to distorted waveforms.

An Analysis of EFL Test Takers’ Problems in IELTS Writing Task

IELTS (International English Language Testing System) is one of the English proficiency tests which consists of 4 skills that should be tested including Writing which has two types “writing task 1 and task 2. However, there are many problems that testees face in doing writing such as problem in language use, word choice, punctuation and so on that make them could not pass the test. in this case, the researcher focueses on writing task 1 to know the problems that testees faced. The present study aims at (i) finding out the problems are faced by the testees,(ii) to find out the most frequent problems; and cause of error in language use made by the participants in ELC-IDP Makassar. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, and the total number of the samples were 17. The instrument used for this study was archival documents (testees’ writing). In this case the authors clasify the problems of the testee’s writting into four categories: problem in word choice, punctuation, spelling and language use, then language use is identified and clasified into grammatical area: error of verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, article, preposition, and conjuntion, after that the error analized using procedure of error analysis. The finding indicates that:a total of whole problems are 88 numbers which made by the testees (i) the percentage of problems in word choice is 5 % (4), punctuation 10% (9), spelling 7% (6); (ii) the most frequent problem is error in language use about 78% (69) which the most frequent error is verb area (73%) 50 errors from 69 of total error and; (iii) the causes or error are interference of the learner’s mother tounge, overgeneralization, and false concept hypothesis.

Forensic Entomology: an inventory of Arthropods collected on the decomposing pig Carrions during the dry season in Warri, Southern Nigeria

Arthropods found on the pig carrions in the dry season in the Warri city at 05°32’34.95"N and 05°44’39.834"E from 10th December 2017 to 10th February 2018 studied. Three pigs were killed and their decomposition monitored for 60 days, arthropods were collected with the aid of sweep nets, brushes, handpicking and pitfall traps while the soil below the decaying pig carrions were searched extensively twice daily for the first week and once daily for the remaining weeks. Data analysis was done by Microsoft excel while graphs were used to demonstrate the frequencies of the arthropods in every phase of decomposition, pie chart was used to elucidate stages of putrefaction and their respective periods. The outcome of the study showed five exclusive stages of decay: fresh, bloated, active decay, advance decay and dry decay correspondingly. The fresh stage took shortest days of 2 as the dry decay took longest days of 41. A total of 1495 arthropods were collected, at the fresh stage, there were 244 arthropods, while 213 were Diptera, only 19 were Hymenoptera and 12 were also Coleoptera but at the bloated stage of decomposition, a total of 273 arthropods were recorded, Diptera were 223 as hymenoptera were 21 and Coleoptera were 29 while at the active decay stage of decomposition there were a total of 437 arthropods, 333 of them were Diptera, 29 were Hymenoptera as 75 were Coleoptera but at the advance decay stage of decomposition, there were a total of 438 arthropods, 225 of them were Diptera, 30 were Hymenoptera as 91 were Coleoptera but at the dry decay stage of decomposition, only 195 arthropods were recorded, 96 of them were Diptera, 21 were Hymenoptera and 78 were Coleoptera in that order, for the reason that the Coleoptera and Diptera used the decaying pig carrions for breeding of their offspring, they could be used in the estimation of the time after death hence are of immense forensic importance while the role of the recorded Hymenoptera could also be of great importance as the tears and wears that they created on the carrions could be cause of error in the estimation of the time of death and their predatory role could also give a fake entomofauna documentation data, more researches of this nature are to be carried out in Warri city and other neighboring communities in order to document reliable database of arthropod of forensic importance in the oil rich city.

ERROR ANALYSIS IN WRITING OF THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF MAN 1 PALU

Error analysis is an activity to identify, classify and interpreted or describe the errors made by someone in speaking or in writing and it is carried out to obtain information on common difficulties faced by someone in speaking or in writing English sentences. For students, error analysis is needed to show them in what aspect in grammar which is difficult for them, to show the errors made by the students, to know the source or the cause of the error and how the students can learn from their mistakes in order that they will not make some errors repeatedly. The purpose of this research is to describe the type of grammatical error faced by students in writing. This research used descriptive qualitative method. This research was carried out in using descriptive writing text to find out what types of error made by students of the tenth grade students MAN 1 Palu in writing and what causes of the students error in writing. The result of the research showed that the tenth grade students MAN 1 Palu still made 41 errors in their writing. They are three classification of error based on surface strategy taxonomy. The high frequency of error is selection (63,41%), omission (26,82), and The lowest frequency of error is addition (9,75). On the other hand, the highest cause of error is carelessness (75,6%), %), first language (7 or 17,07 %), while the lowest cause of error is translation (7.31%).

STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN USING INFINITIVE AT SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMK SWASTA AWAL KARYA PEMBANGUNAN (AKP) LUBUK PAKAM

This study deals with student’s error on the use of Infinitive in written form. The purpose of this study is to find out the type of errors and the causes of errors. This study is carried out at SMK AWAL KARYA PEMBANGUNAN, Jl Pagar Merbau III Lubuk Pakam, to the second year students. There were Forty two students were taken as the sample which taken by cluster sampling technique. The instrument for collecting the data are written test and interview. The result of this study showed that the students made error in using infinitive. The type of errors They were error of addition (854 errors or 73.40%), error of omission (321 errors or 26.16%), error of selection (5 errors or 20.43%). The cause of error Ignore of Rule Restriction (5.73%), Incomplete Application of Rule (56%) and False Concept Hypothesized (37.98%).

Error Analysis on Grammatical Aspects in The Students Writing Essay (Case Study At The Fourth Semester Students Of English Education Programme Of STKIP Taman Siswa Bima.

The purpose of this study was to describe what kinds of error do the students in their writing essay and to describe the reasons why the students make the error in their writing essay at the four semester students of English education Programe of STKIP Taman Siswa Bima. This study applied case study method. The method unsuited to the error analysis procedures (following Chen, 2006:6) informed the processes to analyze the data consisted four steps were Data collection , Identification of errors, Classification of errors into error types, A statement of error frequency, Find out the case of error. The result of this research was concluded that the grammatical errors made by the fourth semester students of STKIP Taman Siswa Bima in writing essay are in Punctuation and Spelling for the highest errors 50.1%, the second is errors in Sentence Pattern 16%, followed by Auxiliaries 6,1%, Preposition 5.26%, Passive voice 4.48%, Verb Tense and Form 4.2%, Subject-verb agreement 4.0%, Articles 4%, Plurality 3.8%, Word order 2.3% and Pronoun 1,1% of 521 errors obtained from their essays. The cause of error based on interview was succession approximation system.