scholarly journals On chemical dynamics and statics under the action of light

1902 ◽  
Vol 70 (459-466) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Heterogeneous Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Dynamics ◽  
Homogeneous Systems ◽  
General Law ◽  
Statics And Dynamics ◽  
The Law ◽  
Simple Nature

Since the second half of the last century chemical statics and dynamics have developed into a veritable science of their own. The general law governing velocity of chemical reaction and chemical equilibrium in homogeneous systems is now known as the law of action of mass; the law governing velocity of physical or molecular transformations in heterogeneous systems proves also to be of a general and simple nature: the velocity is directly proportional to the surface of contact of the reacting parts and to the remoteness of the system from the point of equilibrium;! the velocity of chemical reaction in heterogeneous systems and chemical equilibrium in heterogeneous systems represent no phenomena sui generis , and the laws governing them are only combinations of the other two laws mentioned.

scholarly journals VI. On chemical dynamics and statics wider the influence of light

1902 ◽  
Vol 199 (312-320) ◽  
pp. 337-397 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Heterogeneous Systems ◽  
External Source ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Homogeneous Systems ◽  
General Law ◽  
The Law

The nature of the forces which come into play when substances react one upon another chemically, is a problem which has specially engaged scientific minds during the last century. During the second half of that period chemical statics and dynamics have developed into a veritable science. The general law governing the velocity of chemical reaction and chemical equilibrium in homogeneous systems is now known as the law of mass action, and was to a great extent foreseen by Berthollet. In heterogeneous systems the law concerning the velocity of physical or molecular transformation also proves to be of a general and simple nature; the velocity being directly proportional to the surface of contact of the reacting parts of the heterogeneous systems and to the remoteness of the system from the point of equilibrium. The velocity of chemical reaction and chemical equilibrium in heterogeneous systems represent no phenomena sui generis , the laws, concerning them being only combinations of the above two laws. The laws relating to equilibrium found their rational explanation and foundation in the thermodynamic researches of Horstmann, and more fully in those of W. Gibbs and van’t Hoff, whilst the laws applying to the velocity of reaction in homogeneous systems are the result of van’t Hoff’s thermodynamic considerations. In all the above researches the phenomena of the velocity of chemical reaction and of chemical equilibrium are the outcome of those intrinsic properties of matter, always existent in and inseparable from it, which we usually call chemical affinity or chemical potential. It is known, however, that a system can be brought into a state of reaction, and that new systems and new equilibria can be formed, when energy from an external source, such as light or electricity, is introduced into it. The effect of an electric current upon a chemical system, e.g ., is determined by Faraday’s law of electrolysis, whilst the thermodynamic connexion between chemical and electrical (and gravitation) energy has been developed by W. Gibbs.

scholarly journals On galvanic cells produced by the action of light. Preliminary communication.

1905 ◽  
Vol 74 (497-506) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meyer Wilderman ◽  
Ludwig Mond
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gibbs Equation ◽  
Galvanic Cells ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Fundamental Conception ◽  
Statics And Dynamics ◽  
Preliminary Communication

In my paper “On Chemical Statics and Dynamics” (‘Phil. Trans.,' A, vol. 199, 1902, p. 337), and especially ‘Zeit. Physik. Chemie,' voL 42, 1902, pp. 316—335, I deduced, from thermodynamics, the laws experimentally found by me for velocity of chemical reaction, and for chemical equilibrium under the action of light, from the fundamental conception that the chemical potential of substance in light and in the dark is different, becoming greater in light. The foundation for this conception was that two metallic plates immersed in a liquid and connected to a circuit form a “galvanic” combination, when one plate is exposed to light while the other is kept in the dark; and, according to Gibbs’ equation, v " — v ' = α a ( μ ' a — μ " a ), no galvanic cell could be formed, unless the chemical potentials at the two electrodes were different in light and in the dark.

scholarly journals The theory of photographic processes, part II: On the chemical dynamics of development, including the microscopy of the image

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (509) ◽  
pp. 217-234 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Systems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Dynamics ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Previous Communication ◽  
The One

The investigation of development described in a previous communication was extended by the application of microscopic methods. The fact that both the silver haloid and the resulting silver are distributed through the film in the form of particles of minute but measurable size, allows us in this way to detect finer qualitative differences in, and to draw independent deductions on the processes of exposure and development. The size of the grain is important, both from the practical point of view and from the theoretical: in the one case as bearing on spectroscopical and astronomical photography, in the other on account of the great importance of the degree of surface-extension for heterogeneous systems. The method has been used previously by Abney, Abegg, Kaiserling, Ebert, and others, but by far the most systematic and important inquiry is that of K. Schaum and V. Bellach.

scholarly journals Tax treatment of dividends and alternative for shareholders. Tax treatment of dividends and alternative for shareholders

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
José Luis Bárcenas-Puente ◽  
Miguel Ángel Andrade-Oseguera
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Business Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Law ◽  
Financial Consequences ◽  
The Law ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Compliance With The Law ◽  
The One

In simple terms, a shareholder is a person who puts their money at risk by providing it to a business, what we call investment, which, if it generates profits, these are distributed in proportional parts to each partner, called dividends. In this way, the payment of dividends to shareholders represents the fair remuneration to the risk assumed. Dividend income is regulated in the Law on Income Tax and its correlation with the General Law of Commercial Companies, through precise guidelines. However, average business practice does not follow these provisions. Indeed, shareholders have money during the year in amounts on considerable amounts, without following any legal formality; thus facing fiscal and financial consequences. On the one hand, then, there is a reasonable right to remuneration and, on the other hand, compliance with the law. That is why alternatives to the old problem, of the checks without verification, set up as fictitious dividends.

Effects of Matrimonial Causes Legislation in Botswana

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. G. Himsworth
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
General Law ◽  
The Law

As in other former British territories in Africa, the means of introducing a system of common-law rules into Botswana (then the Bechuanaland Protectorate) was the so-called “reception statute”. This was the device whereby at a particular date the laws of one country (usually England) were “received” wholesale by the colonial territory subject to various conditions contained in the reception statute itself. For Botswana, as for the other former High Commission Territories, Lesotho and Swaziland, it was not the English common law that was introduced but rather the law prevailing in the several parts of what is now South Africa. The General Law Proclamation of 19092 had the effect of introducing the Roman-Dutch law from the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. Cape statutes promulgated after the date of reception were expressly declared not to be applicable in the territory, whilst amendment of the received law by local statutes was, of course, possible.

Punitive Damages in Contract

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. R. Venour
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Punitive Damages ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Boundary Wall ◽  
General Law ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

As the Writ System that prevailed in England until the nineteenth century defined particular rules and procedures for each Form of Action, so today our modern causes of action take to themselves a host of idiosyncratic details. Until recently the common law had long conceived of tort and contract law not as parts of a general law of obligation but as separate bodies of rules divided by a boundary wall that kept each from invading the territory of the other. New developments in the law have breached this wall in places and allowed tort to intrude into domains traditionally ruled by contract. But this process is far from complete, and many differences still remain between actions in contract and tort.

Dukungan Legislatif Dalam RUU KUHP Untuk Pemberantasan Korupsi: Pro dan Kontra Tindak Pidana Korupsi dalam RUU KUHPDukungan Legislatif Dalam RUU KUHP Untuk Pemberantasan Korupsi: Pro dan Kontra Tindak Pidana Korupsi dalam RUU KUHP

Jurnal Hukum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1721
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aziz Syamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The Other ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Legislative Support ◽  
The Law ◽  
Shared Commitment ◽  
Crime Of Corruption

AbstractThe spirit of the eradication of corruption is running continually. Various efforts or strategies were arranged to sharpen the power of corruptions’ eradication. One of the strategies is legislation support or comprehend and effective legislation. It was proved by the enactment of Law No. 28 of 1999 on State Implementation of Clean and Free from Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism and also Law No. 31 of 1999 as amended by Law No. 20 of 2001 on Corruption Eradication. The other related legislation such as Law No. 30 of 2002 on Corruption Eradication Commission and the Law 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering.  Those Supporting legislations show that there is a shared commitment to eradicate corruption. Indonesia has also ratified the UNCAC (United Nations Convention against Corruption) by Law No. 7 of 2006 on the UN Convention (United Nations) Anti-Corruption. Support legislation is expected to provide a deterrent effect for offenders and protecting the rights of citizens has a whole. Keywords: Legislative Support, Criminal Code Draft, Eradication, Crime of Corruption, Pros and Cons    AbstrakSemangat pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi terus bergulir. Berbagai upaya atau strategi dibangun untuk mempertajam kekuatan pemberantasan korupsi. Salah satunya adalah dengan dukungan legislasi atau peraturan perundang-undangan yang komprehensif dan efektif. Dibuktikan dengan lahirnya Undang-Undang No. 28 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Negara yang Bersih dan Bebas dari Korupsi, Kolusi, dan Nepotisme dan Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 1999 sebagaimana diubah dengan Undang-Undang No. 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Adapun undang-undang terkait lainnya seperti UU No. 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi dan UU No. 8 Tahun 2010 tentang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang. Dukungan legislasi tersebut menunjukkan adanya komitmen bersama untuk memberantas tindak pidana korupsi. Indonesia juga  telah meratifikasi UNCAC (United Nations Convention Against Corruption) dengan UU No. 7 Tahun 2006 tentang Konvensi PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa) Anti Korupsi. Dukungan legislasi ini diharapkan memberikan efek jera bagi pelaku sekaligus melindungi hak-hak warga negara secara keseluruhan. Kata Kunci: Dukungan Legislatif, RUU KUHP, Pemberantasan, Tindak Pidana Korupsi, Pro dan Kontra

Genital Call and Genitals on Trial: by Giegold & Weiß (nGbK, 2014)

Screen Bodies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
Karen Fiss
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Male Student ◽  
The Other ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
The Law ◽  
Affirmative Consent

In California, where I live, an affirmative consent law was recently passed: often referred to as the “yes means yes” standard for sexual assault, it is now required of all colleges receiving state funds. Supporters of the law argue that campus rapists can no longer be exonerated because their victims did not resist or were incapacitated by fear, shame, or intoxication. On the other side of the country, a student at Columbia University became an icon in this ongoing legal struggle by carrying her mattress around with her everywhere, including to her graduation, as a sign of protest against the university’s refusal to expel the male student who raped her.

Law’s Contradictions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimer Sultany
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

This chapter analyzes concrete Egyptian and Tunisian cases that showcase the interplay between continuity and rupture. These cases illustrate the lack of a systemic relation between law and revolution. On the one hand, the judiciary that interprets and applies the law is part of the very social and political conflicts it is supposed to resolve. On the other hand, the law is incoherent and there are often resources within the legal materials to play it both ways. Thus, the different forces at work use both continuity and rupture to advance their positions. Furthermore, legitimacy discourse mediates the contradictions between law and revolution in the experience of different legal and political actors. This mediation serves an ideological role because it presupposes a binary dichotomy between continuity and rupture, papers over law’s incoherence by reducing it to a singular voice, and reduces revolution to an event rather than a process.

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