scholarly journals Morphology and behaviour: functional links in development and evolution

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1574) ◽  
pp. 2056-2068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinaldo C. Bertossa
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Biological Hierarchy ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
And Function ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Versus Behaviour ◽  
Development And Evolution

Development and evolution of animal behaviour and morphology are frequently addressed independently, as reflected in the dichotomy of disciplines dedicated to their study distinguishing object of study (morphology versus behaviour) and perspective (ultimate versus proximate). Although traits are known to develop and evolve semi-independently, they are matched together in development and evolution to produce a unique functional phenotype. Here I highlight similarities shared by both traits, such as the decisive role played by the environment for their ontogeny. Considering the widespread developmental and functional entanglement between both traits, many cases of adaptive evolution are better understood when proximate and ultimate explanations are integrated. A field integrating these perspectives is evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), which studies the developmental basis of phenotypic diversity. Ultimate aspects in evo-devo studies—which have mostly focused on morphological traits—could become more apparent when behaviour, ‘the integrator of form and function’, is integrated into the same framework of analysis. Integrating a trait such as behaviour at a different level in the biological hierarchy will help to better understand not only how behavioural diversity is produced, but also how levels are connected to produce functional phenotypes and how these evolve. A possible framework to accommodate and compare form and function at different levels of the biological hierarchy is outlined. At the end, some methodological issues are discussed.

scholarly journals Developmental Mechanisms Linking Form and Function During Jaw Evolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Woronowicz ◽  
Stephanie E. Gline ◽  
Safa T. Herfat ◽  
Aaron J. Fields ◽  
Richard A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Mechanical Force ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Tgfβ Signaling ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Tendon Insertion ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Function ◽  
Development And Evolution

AbstractHow does form arise during development and change during evolution? How does form relate to function, and what enables embryonic structures to presage their later use in adults? To address these questions, we leverage the distinct functional morphology of the jaw in duck, chick, and quail. In connection with their specialized mode of feeding, duck develop a secondary cartilage at the tendon insertion of their jaw adductor muscle on the mandible. An equivalent cartilage is absent in chick and quail. We hypothesize that species-specific jaw architecture and mechanical forces promote secondary cartilage in duck through the differential regulation of FGF and TGFβ signaling. First, we perform transplants between chick and duck embryos and demonstrate that the ability of neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) to direct the species-specific insertion of muscle and the formation of secondary cartilage depends upon the amount and spatial distribution of NCM-derived connective tissues. Second, we quantify motility and build finite element models of the jaw complex in duck and quail, which reveals a link between species-specific jaw architecture and the predicted mechanical force environment. Third, we investigate the extent to which mechanical load mediates FGF and TGFβ signaling in the duck jaw adductor insertion, and discover that both pathways are mechano-responsive and required for secondary cartilage formation. Additionally, we find that FGF and TGFβ signaling can also induce secondary cartilage in the absence of mechanical force or in the adductor insertion of quail embryos. Thus, our results provide novel insights on molecular, cellular, and biomechanical mechanisms that couple musculoskeletal form and function during development and evolution.

scholarly journals Semantiske relasjoner i reformulering

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (14) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Kjersti Fløttum
Keyword(s):  
Modular Approach ◽  
Explanatory Role ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
And Function

The object of study in this article is the analysis of microsemantic aspects of the reformulation sequence signalled by c'est-à-dire in written French. The aim of the work presented is to explain what language users do when producing reformulations and to clarify the relation between form and function in such operations. Five types of semantic relationships between the reformulated and the reformulating segments are introduced. These constitute the basis of a typology of reformulation functions. The article underlines the explanatory role of the semantic component in a global modular approach of the reformulation, where structural, pragmatic and textual factors are also considered.

Prestructuralism

Narratology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Genevieve Liveley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Narrative Theory ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Function

This chapter demonstrates that prestructuralist ideas about the form and function of key narratological phenomena such as plot, action, and character, mimesis and diegesis, showing and telling, not only make a significant contribution to the early twentieth-century (re)naissance of narrative theory in Europe and the US but also play a decisive role in the modern reception of ancient narrative theory. It argues that although James and Lubbock evince only broad Aristotelian affinities, their precepts help to establish an environment in which Aristotelian and Platonic (Socratic) theories find a ready and receptive audience. In similar ways, Forster, Friedman, and Stanzel open up a channel of communication between the ancient and modern worlds of narratology. What is more, their allusions to and appropriations of the classics help to shed new light on to some of the more controversial and complex aspects of both the Republic and Poetics.

scholarly journals El problema de la función en evo-devo

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura N. De la Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Biological Function ◽  
Modern Synthesis ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Functional Dimension ◽  
Concept Of Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Evo Devo

RESUMENSi bien el problema de la forma ha sido el explanandum clásico de la evo-devo, frente al énfasis neodarwinista en la adaptación, en los últimos años un número creciente de autores ha reivindicado la incorporación del problema de la función en la perspectiva ontogenética de la evolución. Tras abordar los distintos modos en los que la evo-devo actual investiga la dimensión funcional de la evolución, defendemos que la distancia teórica entre la Síntesis Moderna y la ‘Síntesis Extendida’ no puede interpretarse en términos de la dialéctica Forma/Función. Al contrario: la ‘evo-devo funcional’ implica una radical reconceptuación de las funciones y plantea formas de síntesis alternativas con la teoría sintética.PALABRAS CLAVEEVO-DEVO, SÍNTESIS MODERNA, FORMA ORGÁNICA, FUNCIÓN BIOLÓGICAABSTRACTAlthough the problem of form has been the classical explanandum of evo-devo vs. the Darwinist emphasis on adaptation, in the last years the problem of function has joined evo-devo’s agenda. After examining the various ways in which contemporary evo-devo deals with the functional dimension of evolution, I will argue that the theoretical distance between the Modern Synthesis and evo-devo cannot be interpreted as a dialectics between Form and Function. On the contrary: the new ‘functional evo-devo’ implies a radical reconceptualisation of the concept of function and opens new ways of synthesis with the Modern Synthesis.KEYWORDSEVO-DEVO, MODERN SYNTHESIS, ORGANISMAL FORM, BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION

scholarly journals Microbiomes In Natura : Importance of Invertebrates in Understanding the Natural Variety of Animal-Microbe Interactions

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian M. Petersen ◽  
Jay Osvatic
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Group Interest ◽  
Invertebrate Animals ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Function ◽  
Development And Evolution

ABSTRACT Animals evolved in a world teeming with microbes, which play pivotal roles in their health, development, and evolution. Although the overwhelming majority of living animals are invertebrates, the minority of “microbiome” studies focus on this group. Interest in invertebrate-microbe interactions is 2-fold—a range of immune components are conserved across almost all animal (including human) life, and their functional roles may be conserved. Thus, understanding cross talk between microbes and invertebrate animals can lead to insights of broader relevance. Invertebrates offer unique opportunities to “eavesdrop” on intricate host-microbe conversations because they tend to associate with fewer microbes. On the other hand, considering the vast diversity of form and function that has evolved in the invertebrates, they likely evolved an equally diverse range of ways to interact with beneficial microbes. We have investigated only a few of these interactions in detail; thus, there is still great potential for fundamentally new discoveries.

scholarly journals Epigenetics in Insects: Genome Regulation and the Generation of Phenotypic Diversity

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl M. Glastad ◽  
Brendan G. Hunt ◽  
Michael A.D. Goodisman
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Epigenetic Information ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Methylation Of Dna ◽  
Genome Regulation ◽  
And Function

Epigenetic inheritance is fundamentally important to cellular differentiation and developmental plasticity. In this review, we provide an introduction to the field of molecular epigenetics in insects. Epigenetic information is passed across cell divisions through the methylation of DNA, the modification of histone proteins, and the activity of noncoding RNAs. Much of our knowledge of insect epigenetics has been gleaned from a few model species. However, more studies of epigenetic information in traditionally nonmodel taxa will help advance our understanding of the developmental and evolutionary significance of epigenetic inheritance in insects. To this end, we also provide a brief overview of techniques for profiling and perturbing individual facets of the epigenome. Doing so in diverse cellular, developmental, and taxonomic contexts will collectively help shed new light on how genome regulation results in the generation of diversity in insect form and function.

scholarly journals FGF and TGFβ signaling link form and function during jaw development and evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 444 ◽  
pp. S219-S236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Woronowicz ◽  
Stephanie E. Gline ◽  
Safa T. Herfat ◽  
Aaron J. Fields ◽  
Richard A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Tgfβ Signaling ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Jaw Development
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