scholarly journals Signal function drives phenotypic and genetic diversity: the effects of signalling individual identity, quality or behavioural strategy

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1724) ◽  
pp. 20160347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Tibbetts ◽  
Sean P. Mullen ◽  
James Dale
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Signal Function ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Animal Coloration ◽  
Behavioural Strategy ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Perception Function ◽  
Phenotypic And Genetic Diversity

Animal coloration is influenced by selection pressures associated with communication. During communication, signallers display traits that inform receivers and modify receiver behaviour in ways that benefit signallers. Here, we discuss how selection on signallers to convey different kinds of information influences animal phenotypes and genotypes. Specifically, we address the phenotypic and genetic consequences of communicating three different kinds of information: individual identity, behavioural strategy and quality. Previous work has shown signals that convey different kinds of information differ in terms of the (i) type of selection acting on signallers (e.g. directional, stabilizing, or negative frequency dependent), and (ii) developmental basis of signals (i.e. heritability, genetic architecture). These differences result in signals that convey different information having consistently different phenotypic properties, including the amount, modality and continuity of intraspecific variation. Understanding how communication influences animal phenotypes may allow researchers to quickly identify putative functions of colour variation prior to experimentation. Signals that convey different information will also have divergent evolutionary consequences. For example, signalling individual identity can increase genetic diversity, signalling quality may decrease diversity, and signalling strategy can constrain adaptation and contribute to speciation. Considering recent advances in genomic resources, our framework highlights new opportunities to resolve the evolutionary consequences of selection on communication across diverse taxa and signal types. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.

scholarly journals Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1724) ◽  
pp. 20170047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Caro ◽  
Mary Caswell Stoddard ◽  
Devi Stuart-Fox
Keyword(s):  
Animal Coloration ◽  
Perception Function

Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity of Local Perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.) from Northern Thailand

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonapha Pusadee ◽  
Chanakan Prom-u-thai ◽  
Narit Yimyam ◽  
Sansanee Jamjod ◽  
Benjavan Rerkasem
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Perilla Frutescens ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Phenotypic And Genetic Diversity

scholarly journals The perfection of mimicry: an information approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1724) ◽  
pp. 20160340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Sherratt ◽  
Casey A. Peet-Paré
Keyword(s):  
Value Of Information ◽  
Animal Coloration ◽  
Information Approach ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Stripe Order ◽  
Future Value ◽  
Perception Function

We consider why imperfect deceptive mimics can persist when it appears to be in the predator's interest to discriminate finely between mimics and their models. One theory is that a receiver will accept being duped if the model and mimic overlap in appearance and the relative costs of attacking the model are high. However, a more fundamental explanation for the difficulty of discrimination is not based on perceptual uncertainty, but simply based on a lack of information. In particular, predators in the process of learning may cease sampling imperfect mimics entirely because the immediate pay-off and future value of information is low, allowing such mimics to persist. This outcome will be particularly likely when the model is relatively costly to attack and/or the discriminative rules the predator has to learn are complex. Information limitations neatly explain why predators tend to adopt discriminative rules based on single traits (such as stripe colour), rather than on combinations of traits (such as stripe order). They also explain why predators utilize certain salient discriminative traits while ignoring equally informative ones (a phenomenon known as overshadowing), and why imperfect mimics may be more common in phenotypically diverse prey communities. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.

Phenotypic and genetic diversity of urease from clinical isolated strains of Helicobacter pylori

1998 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. A306
Author(s):  
T. Tanahashi ◽  
M. Kita ◽  
K. Sakai ◽  
N. Sawai ◽  
Y. Yamaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Phenotypic And Genetic Diversity

scholarly journals Engineering Responses to Amino Acid Substitutions in the VP0- and VP3-Coding Regions of PanAsia-1 Strains of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-Wen Bai ◽  
Hui-Fang Bao ◽  
Ping-Hua Li ◽  
Xue-Qing Ma ◽  
Pu Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Plaque Size ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Acid Sensitivity ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus

ABSTRACTThe presence of sequence divergence through adaptive mutations in the major capsid protein VP1, and also in VP0 (VP4 and VP2) and VP3, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is relevant to a broad range of viral characteristics. To explore the potential role of isolate-specific residues in the VP0 and VP3 coding regions of PanAsia-1 strains in genetic and phenotypic properties of FMDV, a series of recombinant full-length genomic clones were constructed using Cathay topotype infectious cDNA as the original backbone. The deleterious and compensatory effects of individual amino acid substitutions at positions 4008 and 3060 and in several different domains of VP2 illustrated that the chain-based spatial interaction patterns of VP1, VP2, and VP3 (VP1-3), as well as between the internal VP4 and the three external capsid proteins of FMDV, might contribute to the assembly of eventually viable viruses. The Y2079H site-directed mutants dramatically induced a decrease in plaque size on BHK-21 cells and viral pathogenicity in suckling mice. Remarkably, the 2079H-encoding viruses displayed a moderate increase in acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance compared to the Y2079-encoding viruses. Interestingly, none of all the 16 rescued viruses were able to infect heparan sulfate-expressing CHO-K1 cells. However, viral infection in BHK-21 cells was facilitated by utilizing non-integrin-dependent, heparin-sensitive receptor(s) and replacements of four uncharged amino acids at position 3174 in VP3 of FMDV had no apparent influence on heparin affinity. These results provide particular insights into the correlation of evolutionary biology with genetic diversity in adapting populations of FMDV.IMPORTANCEThe sequence variation within the capsid proteins occurs frequently in the infection of susceptible tissue cultures, reflecting the high levels of genetic diversity of FMDV. A systematic study for the functional significance of isolate-specific residues in VP0 and VP3 of FMDV PanAsia-1 strains suggested that the interaction of amino acid side chains between the N terminus of VP4 and several potential domains of VP1-3 had cascading effects on the viability and developmental characteristics of progeny viruses. Y2079H in VP0 of the indicated FMDVs could affect plaque size and pathogenicity, as well as acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance, whereas there was no inevitable correlation in viral plaque and acid-sensitive phenotypes. The high affinity of non-integrin-dependent FMDVs for heparin might be explained by the differences in structures of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the surfaces of different cell lines. These results may contribute to our understanding of the distinct phenotypic properties of FMDVin vitroandin vivo.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity of Uropathogenic Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated in the Primorsky Region of Russia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaitseva Elena Aleksandrovna ◽  
Komenkova Tatiana Sergeevna ◽  
Melnikova Elena Aleksandrovna ◽  
Shadrin Andrey Mikhailovich ◽  
Luchaninova Valentina Nikolaevna
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Phenotypic And Genetic Diversity

scholarly journals Macroevolutionary consequences of sexual conflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 20180186
Author(s):  
Jo S. Hermansen ◽  
Jostein Starrfelt ◽  
Kjetil L. Voje ◽  
Nils C. Stenseth
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Sexual Conflicts ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Shared Genetic

Intralocus sexual conflicts arise whenever the fitness optima for a trait expressed in both males and females differ between the sexes and shared genetic architecture constrains the sexes from evolving independently towards their respective optima. Such sexual conflicts are commonplace in nature, yet their long-term evolutionary consequences remain unexplored. Using a Bayesian phylogenetic comparative framework, we studied the macroevolutionary dynamics of intersexual trait integration in stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae) spanning a time frame of more than 25 Myr. We report that increased intensity of sexual selection on male eyestalks is associated with reduced intersexual eyestalk integration, as well as sex-specific rates of eyestalk evolution. Despite this, lineages where males have been under strong sexual selection for millions of years still exhibit high levels of intersexual trait integration. This low level of decoupling between the sexes may indicate that exaggerated female eyestalks are in fact adaptive—or alternatively, that there are strong constraints on reducing trait integration between the sexes. Future work should seek to clarify the relative roles of constraints and selection in contributing to the varying levels of intersexual trait integration in stalk-eyed flies, and in this way clarify whether sexual conflicts can act as constraints on adaptive evolution even on macroevolutionary time scales.

scholarly journals Population fragmentation drives up genetic diversity in signals of individual identity

Oikos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-532
Author(s):  
Calvin Dytham ◽  
Michael D. F. Thom
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Population Fragmentation
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