Informational uncertainty of measuring instruments

Recently, there has been a revival of interest in the use of the information approach in the theory of measurements. Unlike the traditional approach, information theory does not evaluate error or uncertainty, but entropy and the amount of information. This article analyzes a number of recent publications that develop ideas for the information approach. The limitations and disadvantages of both the entropy approach and the concept of uncertainty are indicated. As a compromise solution, it is proposed to use a criterion based on the Bongard’s uncertainty and useful information. The concept of information uncertainty is proposed, which is estimated by the amount of negative useful information, that is, misinformation introduced by the measuring instrument. Some methods for calculating information uncertainty are described. The problems of using the uncertainty approach are noted. This approach does not imply the use of such a generalized characteristic of measuring instruments as an accuracy class. The article proposes an analogue of the accuracy class in the form of relative informational uncertainty, expressed as a percentage. This will make it possible to evaluate the quality of the measuring instrument by a single parameter, the calculation of which requires a minimum of computational operations.

«INFORMOLOGY» IN DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH: TERMS AND ESSENTIAL APPROACHES

The purpose of the article is to identify essential approaches to understanding informology and the practice of using «informological» terminology in disciplinary research. The research methodology is based on a set of general scientific methods of generalization, systematization and forecasting. Methodology. Research methods used: analysis of the documentary flow of publications in which the subject or object is informology or related problematic aspects, the method of analogy to find common and separate in the approaches of researchers to the essence of informology, hypothetical analysis allowed to draw conclusions about scientific consensus in among Ukrainian scientists on informology as a «science of information». The scientific novelty is to identify modern approaches to understanding informology in disciplinary research, substantiate the conclusion that there is a scientific consensus in the understanding of informology as a science of information while not presenting research that would clearly outline the substantive basis of informology and justify the list of disciplines generalizing science. Conclusions. In the domestic scientific discourse, informology is considered to be a generalizing science that covers the study of all aspects related to information and information processes. There is a scientific consensus in the disciplinary community regarding this understanding. The existence of informology as a theoretical and methodological basis in the system of scientific research is characterized by the factual absence of the representation in the scientific discourse of its subject-content bases. The considered approaches, considerations, and terminological applications related to «informology» do not highlight its role as a generalizing science for disciplines that use the information approach, do not reveal conceptual interdisciplinary theories, concepts, and models proposed on its basis within the information approach and do not present the epistemological potential of informology. Keywords: informology, information sciences, information approach, scientific consensus, terminology.

SYSTEM-INFORMATION APPROACH TO UNCERTAINTY OF PROCESS AND SYSTEM PARAMETERS

The subject matter of research in the article is a system-information approach to the uncertainty of the parameters of processes and systems of the technosphere as one of the scientific directions of using information theory in metrology and other scientific areas. The system-information approach is based on the definition of the term "information" of the properties of the system, its content and meaning. The solution of the basic problem in metrology, obtaining "information" of the quantitative characteristics of the true value of the properties of objects and phenomena that reveal the regularities of the environment, is a complex scientific problem. The instrument for obtaining information about the properties of the system is the measurement process. One of the directions in the development of measurement theory is the concept of uncertainty. The goal of the work is to research of non-traditional solutions to problems of technical-cybernetic systems based on the system-information approach to the uncertainty of the parameters of processes and systems. The article solves the following tasks: to analyze the assessment of the parameters of technological processes and systems based on the system-information approach; to develop system-information methods and algorithms for the effective use of discrete-probabilistic information in technical-cybernetic systems; to develop principles and approaches for using the system-information assessment of the uncertainty of the Planck units, use of system-information modeling in various scientific directions. The following methods are used: system-information approach to processes and systems, methodology of system-information modeling of the measured value; system information methodology for the assessment of the measured quantity and uncertainty. The following results were obtained: developed a system-information methodology for assessing the nominal parameter has been developed, which provides indirect control over the independent parameters associated with it; systemic and information methods for the effective use of discrete-probabilistic information in technical and cybernetic systems have been developed; a system-information methodology for calculating the energy equivalent of product performance indicators has been developed; the principle of calculating the efficiency of manufacturing a product based on the energy equivalent of Planck units is formulated. Conclusions: The solution of the set tasks on the basis of the system-information approach to the uncertainty of the parameters of processes and systems makes it possible, from the system-information point of view, to study the regularities of the stages of the life cycle of technical-cybernetic systems and conservation laws.

The Geographies of Expatriates’ Cultural Venues in Globalizing Shanghai: A Geo-Information Approach Applied to Social Media Data Platform

This paper measures the cultural consumption patterns of expatriates in Shanghai by applying a geo-information approach to data derived from social media. In order to reveal the geographical characteristics, the paper zooms in on the level of city districts and presents a typology based on the degree of spatial and functional aggregation of cultural venues. Three major contextual parameters underlying the typology are discerned: the geographies of the Shanghai space-economy, the imprint of Shanghai’s spatio-political strategies, and the overall policy approach toward this community. We discuss how this study can be used as the starting point for further comparative studies on cultural patterns of expatriates in other geographical contexts.

Features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans

The article is devoted to the analysis of some features of the investigation of football hooliganism. The current state and trends of football hooliganism are considered (including during the COVID-19 pandemic). The main problems faced by the investigation authorities during the detection and investigation of football hooliganism have been identified. In the process of working on the article, the scientific literature on informal youth groups, the fight against extremism, the investigation of group crimes of football fans was analyzed. The purpose of the study is to identify and study the features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans. The object of research is the peculiarities of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans. During the writing of the article, the following methods were used: observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, extrapolation, modeling, and information approach. As a result of the conducted research, the modern tendencies of football hooliganism are defined. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the transformation of football fans. The principal problems of detection and investigation of football hooliganism are outlined, recommendations for prevention and counteraction to crimes committed by football fans are developed.

The Role of Information Technologies in Improving Efficiency of Russian Customs Administration (Based on Results of Sociological Survey)

As a research objective, the digital paradigm of economic and social development, in general, which defines the information strategy for the development of the Russian customs service and administration as necessary and priority, is analyzed. The methodological basis is based on the ideas and principles of an integrated information approach to the study of the customs service and the concept of "customs service", which treats the customs administration as service oriented. We also use additional theoretical approaches (socio-cultural and neo-institutional) as an explanatory model of the developmental characteristics of the Russian customs service. The empirical verification of conceptual attitudes in this study was conducted based on our 2020 expert sociological survey. In the survey, there were 269 employees of Rostov customs, which is structurally included in the Southern Customs Administration. The study concludes that the greater efficiency in the positive dynamics of the work of the Russian customs authorities is associated with the introduction of information technologies (especially electronic declaration). Consequently, the results of this study can be used to develop a strategy to overcome certain barriers in service.