VI. On the liquefaction and solidification of bodies generally existing as gases

1845 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 155-177 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid State ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Molecular Constitution ◽  
Solid Bodies

The experiments formerly made on the liquefaction of gases*, and the results which from time to time have been added to this branch of knowledge, especially by M.Thilorier, have left a constant desire on my mind to renew the investigation. This, with considerations arising out of the apparent simplicity and unity of the molecular constitution of all bodies when in the gaseous or vaporous state, which may be expected, according to the indications given by the experiments of M. Cagniard de la Tour, to pass by some simple law into their liquid state, and also the hope of seeing nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, either as liquid or solid bodies, and the latter probably as a metal, have lately induced me to make many experiments on the subject; and though my success has not been equal to my desire, still I hope some of the results obtained, and the means of obtaining them, may have an interest for the Royal Society; more especially as the application of the latter maybe carried much further than I as yet have had opportunity of applying them.

XIV. Researches into the molecular constitution of the organic bases

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 357-398 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Organic Bases ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Molecular Constitution

About twelve months ago I had the honour of presenting to the Royal Society an account of a series of researches into the molecular constitution of the volatile organic bases: at present I beg to submit to the consideration of the Society the history of a new group of alkaloids, which, although intimately connected with the former by their origin, differ from them altogether by their properties, and especially in not being volatile . The members of this new group of alkaloids are so numerous, their deportment is so singular, and their derivatives ramify in so many directions, that I have not as yet been able to complete the study of these substances in all their bearings; nor is it my intention to go fully into the chemistry of the subject in the present com­munication, my object being merely to establish the existence of these bodies, and to give a general outline of their connection with the volatile bases, and of their most prominent chemical and physical properties, reserving a detailed description of their salts and derivatives to a future memoir.

scholarly journals VIII. The influence of Molecular constitution and temperature on magnetic susceptibility. Part IV. - Further applications of the molecular field

1920 ◽  
Vol 220 (571-581) ◽  
pp. 247-289 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Molecular Theory ◽  
Molecular Field ◽  
Molecular Configuration ◽  
Material Medium ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Molecular Constitution ◽  
Crystalline Symmetry

The present work is a continuation of that published in ‘Phil. Trans., Royal Society,’ vol. 214, pp. 109-146, 1914 (Parts I. and II.) and vol. 215, pp. 79-103, 1915 (Part III.). It will lead to clearness in the following development of the subject if a brief résumé of these papers is given. A t the same time, I wish to discuss one or two points in connexion with the views which have been previously advanced and the relation between mechanical and molecular theory. In Part I. the experimental evidence brought forward has justified the hypothesis of molecular distortion enunciated at the outset. We have thereby been led to regard the molecular configuration of a material medium as a distorted one, and this applies particularly to a substance which is crystalline. The extent of this distortion is small, but is sufficient to account for the observed change of specific susceptibility which occurs on crystallization. Such change will naturally depend upon the particular crystalline symmetry assumed by the substance.

scholarly journals XX. On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat

1825 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 440-466 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Oil Gas

The object of the paper which I have the honour of sub­mitting at this time to the attention of the Royal Society, is to describe particularly two new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and generally, other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat. My attention was first called to the substances formed in oil at moderate and at high temperatures, in the year 1820; and since then I have endea­voured to lay hold of every opportunity for obtaining information on the subject. A particularly favourable one has been afforded me lately through the kindness of Mr. Gordon, who has furnished me with considerable quantities of a fluid obtained during the compression of oil gas, of which I had some years since possessed small portions, sufficient to excite great interest, but not to satisfy it. It is now generally known, that in the operations of the Portable Gas Company, when the oil gas used is compressed in the vessels, a fluid is deposited, which may be drawn off and preserved in the liquid state., The pressure applied amounts to 30 atmospheres; and in the operation, the gas previously contained in a gasometer over water, first passes into a large strong receiver, and from it, by pipes, into the portable vessels. It is in the receiver that the condensation principally takes place; and it is from that vessel that the liquid I have worked with has been taken. The fluid is drawn off at the bottom by opening a conical valve: at first a portion of water generally comes out, and then the liquid. It effervesces as it issues forth; and by the difference of re-­fractive power it may be seen, that a dense transparent vapour is descending through the air from the aperture. The effervescence immediately ceases; and the liquid may be readily retained in ordinary stoppered, or even corked bottles; a thin phial being sufficiently strong to confine it. I understand that 1000 cubical feet of good gas yield nearly one gallon of the fluid.

VIII. On stratified discharges. VI. Shadows of striæ

1881 ◽  
Vol 32 (212-215) ◽  
pp. 385-387 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Experimental Proof ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
Solid Bodies

One of the most interesting questions connected with the subject of stratified discharges is this: What is the physical, as distinguished from the electrical, nature of the striae themselves? Are they, in, fact, to be regarded as aggregations of matter possessing greater density than the gas present in the dark spaces, or are they to be considered as indicating merely special local electrical conditions? The fact of their having a definite configuration, especially on the side which is turned towards the negative terminal of the tube, that of their temperature being higher than that of the dark spaces, the manner in which they are affected by solid bodies, and other considerations, all tend to give support to the view that the striæ are loci of greater density than the dark spaces. Still it can hardly be said that as yet any experimental proof of this has been given, sufficiently decisive to decide the question conclusively. And it is in the hope of contributing something towards the solution of this question that the following experiments are submitted to the notice of the Royal Society. In the former papers of this series ("Proc. Roy. Soc.," vols. 23, 27), and in our memoirs “On the Sensitive State of Vacuum Discharges (“Phil. Trans.,” 1879, p. 155, and 1880, p. 561), we have described experiments which show how a discharge through a tube, whether sensitive or non-sensitive, may be affected in various ways by intermittent discharges ab extra . In the experiments now to be described the problem has been reversed, and- it has been proposed to ascertain how far such an external discharge can itself be affected by the internal one. The discharge ab extra , however, presents such feeble luminosity, that it is not possible to come to any certain conclusions on this head by direct methods. But, as has been before pointed out, the intermittent discharge ab extra is eminently calculated to produce Crookes’ green phosphorescence, and the effect produced on this phosphorescence by the striae of the internal discharge proves to be not only well marked, but even striking, and of this we now propose to give an account.

V. Researches on colouring matters derived from coal-tar.— I. On aniline-yellow

1864 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
International Exhibition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Molecular Constitution ◽  
Principal Subject

In a short paper submitted to the Royal Society in the commencement of last year, I have described a few experiments on the remarkable new colouring matters derived from aniline, which of late have attracted such general attention. This paper had more particularly reference to aniline-crimson, the industrial production of which, in the hands of Mr. E. Nicholson, has reached so high a degree of perfection that the analysis of this compound and of its numerous salts presented no serious difficulty. But the problem was not solved by establishing the formula of rosaniline and its salts: by far the more important obstacles remained to be conquered; the molecular constitution of rosaniline, on which at that time I had not even been able to offer an hypothesis, and the genesis of this well-defined triamine from aniline, had still to be traced. Since that time considerable progress has been made towards the solution of this problem. Some of the latest observations which I have had the honour of submitting to the Royal Society will doubtless help to untie this knot. Nevertheless many doubtful points still remain to be cleared up, and I found it desirable for the better elucidation of the subject to investigate simultaneously several of the other artificial organic colouring matters, in order to trace if possible analogies of composition and constitution in these substances, which, it was reasonable to hope, would throw some light upon the principal subject of the inquiry. The present moment appeared to be particularly appropriate for an investigation of this kind. The International Exhibition has brought together a collection of these new bodies, such as no other occasion could possibly have assembled in one place and at one time, displaying in a remarkable manner the rapidity with which the industry o our time assimilates and, in many cases, anticipates the results of pure science.

scholarly journals XIV. On the absorption of gases by solids

1881 ◽  
Vol 32 (212-215) ◽  
pp. 407-408
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Solid Matter ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
High Pressure And Temperature ◽  
Solid Iron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High

During the progress of the investigations which I have from time to time had the honour of bringing under the notice of the Royal Society, I have again and again noticed the apparent disappearance of gases inclosed in vessels of various materials when the disappearance could not be accounted for upon the assumption of ordinary leakage. After a careful examination of the subject I found that the solids absorbed or dissolved the gases, giving rise to a striking example of the fixation of a gas in a solid without chemical action. In carrying out that most troublesome investigation, the crystalline separation of carbon from its compounds, the tubes used for experiment have been in nine cases out of ten found to be empty on opening them, and in most cases a careful testing by hydraulic press showed no leakage. The gases seemed to go through the solid iron, although it was 2 inches thick. A series of experiments with various linings were tried. The tube was electro-plated with copper, silver, and gold, but with no greater success. Siliceous linings were tried fusible enamels and glass—but still the' tubes refused to hold the contents. Out of thirty-four experiments made since my last results were published, only four contained any liquid or condensed gaseous matter after the furnacing. I became convinced that the solid matter at the very high pressure and temperature used must be pervious to gases.

scholarly journals Alan F. Williams: an Appreciation

1993 ◽  
Vol 342 (1299) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
The Subject

The papers in this symposium form the proceeding of the Royal Society’s Discussion Meeting held in March 1993. As co-organizers and editors, we trust that we have put together a timely, enterprising and enlightening volume which provides a fitting tribute to Alan Williams. It was Alan who first promoted to the Royal Society the subject of CD4 as a topic for one of the Society’s Discussion Meetings and who agreed to be cast in the role of organizer. After Alan’s untimely death, as coorganizers we were given the choice of proceeding with the meeting or not, and it was decided to proceed as a memorial to Alan. We are certain that it was exactly what Alan would have wanted us to do.

XXIII. On the water-barometer erected in the hall of the Royal Society

1832 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 539-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Tube ◽  
French Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Made In

I have for some time entertained an opinion, in common with some others who have turned their attention tot he subject, that a good series of observations with a Water-Barometer, accurately constructed, might throw some light upon several important points of physical science: amongst others, upon the tides of the atmosphere; the horary oscillations of the counterpoising column; the ascending and descending rate of its greater oscillations; and the tension of vapour at different atmospheric temperatures. I have sought in vain in various scientific works, and in the Transactions of Philosophical Societies, for the record of any such observations, or for a description of an instrument calculated to afford the required information with anything approaching to precision. In the first volume of the History of the French Academy of Sciences, a cursory reference is made, in the following words, to some experiments of M. Mariotte upon the subject, of which no particulars appear to have been preserved. “Le même M. Mariotte fit aussi à l’observatoire des experiences sur le baromètre ordinaire à mercure comparé au baromètre à eau. Dans l’un le mercure s’eléva à 28 polices, et dans Fautre l’eau fut a 31 pieds Cequi donne le rapport du mercure à l’eau de 13½ à 1.” Histoire de I'Acadérmie, tom. i. p. 234. It also appears that Otto Guricke constructed a philosophical toy for the amusement of himself and friends, upon the principle of the water-barometer; but the column of water probably in this, as in all the other instances which I have met with, was raised by the imperfect rarefaction of the air in the tube above it, or by filling with water a metallic tube, of sufficient length, cemented to a glass one at its upper extremity, and fitted with a stop-cock at each end; so that when full the upper one might be closed and the lower opened, when the water would fall till it afforded an equipoise to the pressure of the atmo­sphere. The imperfections of such an instrument, it is quite clear, would render it totally unfit for the delicate investigations required in the present state of science; as, to render the observations of any value, it is absolutely necessary that the water should be thoroughly purged of air, by boiling, and its insinuation or reabsorption effectually guarded against. I was convinced that the only chance of securing these two necessary ends, was to form the whole length of tube of one piece of glass, and to boil the water in it, as is done with mercury in the common barometer. The practical difficulties which opposed themselves to such a construction long appeared to me insurmount­able; but I at length contrived a plan for the purpose, which, having been honoured with the approval of the late Meteorological Committee of this Society, was ordered to be carried into execution by the President and Council.

III. On the structure of a species of millepora occurring at Tahiti, Society Islands

1877 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Society Islands ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
The Subject

In a paper treating mainly on the structure of the Heliopora cœrulea , which was communicated to the Royal Society in the autumn of last year (1875), I gave a short account of the results at which I had arrived from the examination of two species of Millepora obtained at Bermuda and at the Philippines, and expressed my intention of further prosecuting the subject at the Sandwich Islands and Tahiti, should material be forthcoming. At Honolulu no Millepora was met with; and this form apparently does not occur at the Sandwich Islands, the water being too cold for it. At Tahiti a Millepora is very abundant on the reefs in from one to two feet of water, and is very conspicuous because of its bright yellow colour.

scholarly journals V. Researches on the action of sulphuric acid upon the amides and nitriles, with remarks on the conjugate sulpho-acids

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 158-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Compounds

Since we had the honour of addressing the Royal Society upon the subject of the behaviour of acetamide and acetonitrile towards sulphuric acid, we have completed our experiments upon the amides and nitriles, and extended our researches to other groups of bodies. The results of these additional inquiries we now beg to present in the form of a second short summary, the analytical details and the more extended description of the new compounds being given in the complete memoir, which, at the same time, we have the honour of submitting to the Society.

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