scholarly journals XX. On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat

1825 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 440-466 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Oil Gas

The object of the paper which I have the honour of sub­mitting at this time to the attention of the Royal Society, is to describe particularly two new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and generally, other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat. My attention was first called to the substances formed in oil at moderate and at high temperatures, in the year 1820; and since then I have endea­voured to lay hold of every opportunity for obtaining information on the subject. A particularly favourable one has been afforded me lately through the kindness of Mr. Gordon, who has furnished me with considerable quantities of a fluid obtained during the compression of oil gas, of which I had some years since possessed small portions, sufficient to excite great interest, but not to satisfy it. It is now generally known, that in the operations of the Portable Gas Company, when the oil gas used is compressed in the vessels, a fluid is deposited, which may be drawn off and preserved in the liquid state., The pressure applied amounts to 30 atmospheres; and in the operation, the gas previously contained in a gasometer over water, first passes into a large strong receiver, and from it, by pipes, into the portable vessels. It is in the receiver that the condensation principally takes place; and it is from that vessel that the liquid I have worked with has been taken. The fluid is drawn off at the bottom by opening a conical valve: at first a portion of water generally comes out, and then the liquid. It effervesces as it issues forth; and by the difference of re-­fractive power it may be seen, that a dense transparent vapour is descending through the air from the aperture. The effervescence immediately ceases; and the liquid may be readily retained in ordinary stoppered, or even corked bottles; a thin phial being sufficiently strong to confine it. I understand that 1000 cubical feet of good gas yield nearly one gallon of the fluid.

scholarly journals XI. On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and naphthaline, and on a new acid produced

1826 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 140-162 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Carbonaceous Matter ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Mutual Action

In a Paper on new compounds of carbon and hydrogen , lately honoured by the Royal Society with a place in the Philosophical Transactions, I had occasion briefly to notice, the peculiar action exerted on certain of those compounds by sulphuric acid. During my attempts to ascertain more minutely the general nature of this action, I was led to suspect the occasional combination of the hydro-carbonaceous matter with the acid, and even its entrance into the constitution of the salts, which the acid afterwards formed with bases. Although this opinion proved incorrect, relative to the peculiar hydro-carbons forming the subject of that Paper, yet it led to experiments upon analogous bodies, and amongst others, upon naphthaline, which terminated in the production of the new acid body and salts now to be described. Some of the results obtained by the use of the oil gas products are very peculiar. If, when completed, I find them sufficiently interesting, I shall think it my duty to place them before the Royal Society, as explicatory of that action of sulphuric acid which was briefly noticed in my last Paper.

scholarly journals V. Researches on the action of sulphuric acid upon the amides and nitriles, with remarks on the conjugate sulpho-acids

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 158-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Compounds

Since we had the honour of addressing the Royal Society upon the subject of the behaviour of acetamide and acetonitrile towards sulphuric acid, we have completed our experiments upon the amides and nitriles, and extended our researches to other groups of bodies. The results of these additional inquiries we now beg to present in the form of a second short summary, the analytical details and the more extended description of the new compounds being given in the complete memoir, which, at the same time, we have the honour of submitting to the Society.

4. On the Diffusion of an Impalpable Powder into a Solid Body

1880 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 712-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sydney Marsden
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Solid Body ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Soda Water ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High ◽  
Do So

In a note on “The Effect of Heat on an Infusible, Impalpable Powder,” by Professor P. G. Tait, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. ix. p. 298, for the year 1876–77, Professor Tait points out that such a powder becomes very fluid under the action of heat, and behaves in many respects in the same way as a liquid would do—viz., convection currents are distinctly to be observed, and small particles of the powder are thrown up from the surface, in the same manner as we perceive little drops of water thrown up from the surface of a glass of soda-water. And Professor Tait then asks the question—If, supposing we had two such infusible, impalpable powders, would they diffuse into one another as do gases and liquids ? This is a question which as yet has not been answered. Professor Tait and I have been engaged in some experiments on the subject for some time, but the difficulties (chemical and physical) to be overcome are much greater than at first sight appear, and at present we are unable to say definitely whether they do so or not. But I think an answer may be obtained from another source. In some recent experiments I had occasion to have a number of Berlin porcelain crucibles and amorphous carbon in an impalpable powder kept in contact with each other at very high temperatures for from ten to twelve hours, with the following effect, that, although the crucibles did not become fused, but retained their exact original form, yet the carbon found its way to a considerable distance into the crucible, and some of the particles penetrated the crucible throughout. This was not a case, therefore, of fusion and mechanical mixture.

scholarly journals XXIV. On the Indian arc of meridian

1861 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 579-594 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Central India ◽  
Negative Sign ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Direct Process ◽  
Resultant Effect ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

It is with pleasure that I request the attention of the Royal Society to the present com­munication, in continuation and completion of my former papers, because I think that the anomalies which the Indian Arc has appeared to present are here traced to the true causes. 1. I will explain what those anomalies were. On completing a laborious and wellexecuted survey of the two northern portions of the Indian Arc of Meridian, between Kaliana (29° 30' 48") and Kalianpur (24° 7' 11"), and Kalianpur and Damargida (18° 3' 15"), Colonel Everest found that their astronomical and geodetical amplitudes differed considerably; in the higher arc the geodetic amplitude he found to be in excess by 5"·236, in the lower of the two ares in defect by 3"·791. The three stations had been selected with great care, and were finally chosen as being apparently free from all disturbing causes. Indeed, a fourth station which had been at one time adopted, Takal Khera in Central India, was rejected by Colonel Everest because a neighbouring hillrange was discovered on calculation to produce a deflection of about 5". Kaliana had been chosen nearly sixty miles from the lower hills at the foot of the Himmalaya Moun­tains, in the full conviction that it would be free from mountain influence. The surprise was therefore great when, on the completion of the survey of the two arcs in question, these two errors were brought to light. The first was attributed to the influence of the Himmalayas, but without any calculation; but the second, with its negative sign, received no interpretation. At this stage I devised a method of calculating the effect of the Himmalayas by a direct process; and found that the deflections produced are far greater than the errors which had to be explained, and the negative sign was left alto­gether unaccounted for. Thus the perplexity was increased. It next occurred to me that the vast Ocean to the south of India might have some influence on the plumb-line. On making the necessary calculations the effect of this cause was found, as the moun­tain attraction had been, to be far greater than had been anticipated; the negative sign was still unexplained, and the difficulties were not cleared up. No other cause of dis­turbance was apparent at the surface. But I showed by calculation that in the crust below one might exist sufficient to reduce the large deflections occasioned by the Moun­tains and the Ocean, and make them accord with the results deduced by Colonel Everest from the arcs themselves. But, being hidden from our sight, neither the magnitude nor indeed the existence of this cause could be à priori ascertained, much less reduced to calculation. Whether, moreover, the errors brought to light by Colonel Everest arose solely from local attraction, or from local attraction combined with some local peculiarity in the curvature of the Indian Arc, was not apparent; so that the subject of local attrac­tion and its influence on geodetic operations in this country, was still involved in obscu­rity, and the anomalies of the Indian Arc remained unexplained in the papers which I have hitherto forwarded to the Society. In the present communication I think ambi­guity is removed. It is demonstrated that no peculiarity in the curvature of the arc can produce any part of the errors brought to light by Colonel Everest; that those errors arise solely from local attraction; that they are in fact the exact measure of the difference of the resultant local attraction at the two extremities of each arc, from what­ ever causes the attraction may arise—mountains, ocean, or crust; lastly, it is proved that there are hidden causes in the crust below the Indian Arc, and the differences of their resultant effect upon the stations of the arc are computed. An inference from these results is, that the relative position of places in a Map, laid down from geodetic operations, is accurate, being altogether unaffected by local attraction; though the position of the Map itself on the terrestrial spheroid will be dependent upon the observed latitude of some one station in it, and that observed latitude will be affected by the local attraction at that place. To determine the absolute latitude in some one station connected with the geodetic operations is still a desideratum.

scholarly journals XXXIII. On the figure of the earth

1826 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 548-578 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Earth ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Figure Of The Earth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

The ellipticity of the earth, deduced by Captain Sabine from a series of pendulum experiments the most extensive, and apparently the most deserving of confidence, that has ever been made, differs considerably from that which, as is generally believed, is indicated by geodetic measures. The difference can only be explained by errors of observation, by peculiarities of local circumstances, or by some defect in the theory which connects the figure of the earth with the variation of gravity on its surface: under the last head may be placed defects in the mathematical part of the theory, and errors in the assumptions of the original constitution and present state of the earth. It was with a view to ascertain the sufficiency of the mathematical theory, that I undertook the investigations contained in this paper. The celebrated proposition called Clairaut's theorem, by which the earth's ellipticity is inferred from the variation of gravity on its surface, is obtained only by the rejection of the squares and higher powers of the ellipticity. It is by the same rejection that the figure of the earth, supposed a heterogeneous fluid, is proved to be an elliptic spheroid. It appeared therefore probable, that a more accurate theory might introduce some modification into Clairaut's theorem, and might also show he figure of the earth to differ from an ellipsoid ; and there was no reason to think that the first approximation to that figure was more accurate, than the first approximation to the motion of the moon’s perigee. The result of my investigation does not at all serve to reconcile the pendulum observations made by Captain Sabine with the measures of degrees : and with respect to one object, which I hoped to obtain, I am therefore completely unsuccessful. The theory shows, however, that the earth’s figure, on the usual suppositions as to its constitution, is not an elliptic spheroid; and the formulæ which I have obtained will give the means of determining very exactly the figure of the earth, when the experiments on the variation of gravity, or the measures of arcs on the earth’s surface, shall be thought sufficiently accurate. As the subject is one whose interest is not confined to the present time, I have ventured to offer my investigations to the Royal Society. The first part of the following sheets contains the theory of the heterogeneous earth, pushed so far as to include all the terms of the second order: it is succeeded by a comparison of this theory with Captain Sabine’s results, and with the best arcs of the meridian that have been measured and in the conclusion, I have offered some suggestions on the propriety of repeating some of these measures.

V. On the absorption and radiation of heat by gaseous and liquid matter.—Fourth memoir

1864 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 201-225 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Powerful Source ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Volatile Liquids ◽  
Permanent Gases ◽  
Gaseous Form

The Royal Society has already done me the honour of publishing in the Philosophical Transactions three memoirs on the relations of radiant heat to the gaseous form of matter. In the first of these memoirs* it was shown that for heat emanating from the blackened surface of a cube filled with boiling water, a class of bodies which had been previously regarded as equally, and indeed, as far as laboratory experiments went, perfectly diathermic, exhibited vast differences both as regards radiation and absorption. At the common tension of one atmosphere the absorptive energy of olefiant gas, for example, was found to be 290 times that of air, while when lower pressures were employed the ratio was still greater. The reciprocity of absorption and radiation on the part of gases was also experimentally established in this first investigation. In the second inquiry† I employed a different and more powerful source of heat, my desire being to bring out with still greater decision the differences which revealed themselves in the first investigation. By carefully purifying the transparent elementary gases, and thus reducing the action upon radiant heat, the difference between them and the more strongly acting compound gases was greatly augmented. In this second inquiry, for example, olefiant gas at a pressure of one atmosphere was shown to possess 970 times the absorptive energy of atmospheric air, while it was shown to be probable that when pressures of 1/30th of an atmosphere were compared, the absorption of olefiant gas was nearly 8000 times that of air. A column of ammoniacal gas, moreover, 3 feet long, was found sensibly impervious to the heat employed in the inquiry, while the vapours of many of the volatile liquids were proved to be still more opaque to radiant heat than even the most powerfully acting permanent gases. In this second investigation, the discovery of dynamic radiation and absorption is also announced and illustrated, and the action of odours and of ozone on radiant heat is made the subject of experiment.

VI. On the liquefaction and solidification of bodies generally existing as gases

1845 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 155-177 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid State ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Molecular Constitution ◽  
Solid Bodies

The experiments formerly made on the liquefaction of gases*, and the results which from time to time have been added to this branch of knowledge, especially by M.Thilorier, have left a constant desire on my mind to renew the investigation. This, with considerations arising out of the apparent simplicity and unity of the molecular constitution of all bodies when in the gaseous or vaporous state, which may be expected, according to the indications given by the experiments of M. Cagniard de la Tour, to pass by some simple law into their liquid state, and also the hope of seeing nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, either as liquid or solid bodies, and the latter probably as a metal, have lately induced me to make many experiments on the subject; and though my success has not been equal to my desire, still I hope some of the results obtained, and the means of obtaining them, may have an interest for the Royal Society; more especially as the application of the latter maybe carried much further than I as yet have had opportunity of applying them.

scholarly journals II. On the mathematical theory of the stability of earth-work and masonry

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 60-61 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Natural Slope ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

In the preparation of my course of lectures, I have found it necessary to re-investigate much of the above-named branch of mechanics, and I have now a paper in preparation on the subject, which I propose to offer to the Royal Society when it is ready. In the meanwhile, it appears to me that the two fundamental principles on which my researches are based are of such a nature, that they may very properly be communicated to the Royal Society at once. They are as follows:― I. Principle o f the Stability of Earth . At each point in a mass of earth the directions of greatest and least compressive stress are at right angles to each other; and the condition of stability is, that at each point the ratio of the difference of those stresses to their sum shall not exceed the sine of the angle of natural slope of the earth.

scholarly journals I. Notes of researches on the poly-ammonias.— No. XXII. Secondary products formed in the manufacture of aniline

1863 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Basic Compounds ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Soluble Sulphate ◽  
Very High

In a short paper submitted to the Royal Society some weeks ago, I have recorded some experiments on the basic compounds distilling at very high temperatures, which are formed as secondary products in the manufacture of aniline, and which are known in the ateliers of MM. Collin and Coblenz as queues d'aniline I have mentioned that the bases which distil above 330°, when treated with dilute sulphuric acid, furnish a soluble sulphate, the sulphate of paraniline, the history of which I have already traced, and a sulphate remarkable for its insolubility in water. It is this insoluble sulphate, and the base from which it is derived, that form the subject of the following notice.

scholarly journals XCII. A letter from Monsieur Clairaut, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, and F. R. S. to Thomas Birch, D. D. Secret. R. S. containing a comparison between the notions of M. de Courtivron and Mr. Melvil, concerning the difference of refrangibility of the rays of light

1753 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 776-780 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Royal Academy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

As I was perusing the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions, I fell upon a memoir of Mr. Melvil, the Subject of which having been handled in a book, that I presented some time ago to the Royal Society, from a friend of mine, and written upon a matter, which l had formerly studied myself, I first examined whether any notice had been taken of the things common to both of the works, and to what degree the two authors agreed together.

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