AbstractInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) encode their genome as eight negative sense RNA segments. During viral assembly, the failure to package all eight segments, or packaging of a mutated segment, renders the resultant virion incompletely infectious. It is known that the accumulation of these defective particles can limit viral disease by interfering with the spread of fully infectious particles. In order to harness this phenomenon therapeutically, we defined which viral packaging signals were amenable to duplication and developed a viral genetic platform which allowed the production of replication competent IAVs that package up to two additional artificial genome segments for a total of 10 segments. These artificial genome segments are capable of acting as “decoy” segments that, when packaged by wild-type (WT) viruses, lead to the production of non-infectious viral particles. Despite 10-segmented viruses being able to replicate and spreadin vivo, these genomic modifications render the viruses avirulent. Excitingly, administration of 10-segmented viruses, both prophylactically and therapeutically, was able to rescue animals from normally lethally influenza virus infections. Thus, 10-segmented influenza viruses represent a potent anti-influenza biological therapy that targets the strain-independent process of viral assembly to slow the kinetics of productive viral spread and therefore limit viral disease.Author SummarySeasonal influenza infections are best prevented using vaccination. Vaccination, however, is not capable of completely preventing influenza infection, necessitating the use of anti-influenza therapeutics. To date, several different classes of anti-influenza therapeutics have been developed and used in order to combat these infections. Unfortunately, the incidence of influenza resistance to many of these therapeutics has begun to rise, necessitating the development of new strategies. One such strategy is to mimic the activity of naturally occurring viral particles that harbor defective genomes. These defective interfering particles have the ability to interfere with productive viral assembly, preventing the spread of influenza viruses across the respiratory tract. Furthermore, given the manner in which they target influenza segment packaging, a conserved feature of all influenza A viruses, resistance to this therapeutic strategy is unlikely. Here, we report the development of a genetic platform that allows the production of replication competent, 10-segmented influenza viruses. These viruses are capable of amplifying themselves in isolation, but co-infection with a wild-type virus leads to segment exchange and compromises the spread of both viruses. This interference, while mechanistically distinct from naturally occurring defective particles, was able to target the same viral process and rescue animals exposed to an otherwise lethal viral infection. This viral-based approach may represent a cost effective and scalable method to generate effective anti-influenza therapeutics when vaccines or anti-viral drugs become ineffective due to acquisition of viral resistance mutations.
Naturally Occurring Temperature-sensitive Influenza A Viruses of the H1N1 and H3N2 Subtypes