scholarly journals Transmission of Eurasian avian H2 influenza virus to shorebirds in North America

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 3167-3171 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Makarova ◽  
N. V. Kaverin ◽  
S. Krauss ◽  
D. Senne ◽  
R. G. Webster
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Gene Characterization ◽  
Eurasian Lineage ◽  
Antibody Panel ◽  
Antigenic Relationships

Influenza A virus of the H2 subtype caused a serious pandemic in 1957 and may cause similar outbreaks in the future. To assess the evolution and the antigenic relationships of avian influenza H2 viruses, we sequenced the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of H2 isolates from shorebirds, ducks and poultry in North America and derived a phylogenetic tree to establish their interrelationships. This analysis confirmed the divergence of H2 HA into two geographical lineages, American and Eurasian. One group of viruses isolated from shorebirds in North America had HA belonging to the Eurasian lineage, indicating an interregional transmission of the H2 gene. Characterization of HA with a monoclonal antibody panel revealed that the antigenicity of the Delaware strains differed from the other avian strains analysed. The data emphasizes the importance of avian influenza surveillance.

scholarly journals Antigenic Characterization of H3 Subtypes of Avian Influenza A Viruses from North America

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1s) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bailey ◽  
Li-Ping Long ◽  
Nan Zhao ◽  
Jeffrey S. Hall ◽  
John A. Baroch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Characterization

scholarly journals Isolation and Genetic Characterization of H5N2 Influenza Viruses from Pigs in Korea

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 4205-4215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Han Lee ◽  
Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua ◽  
Min-Suk Song ◽  
Yun Hee Baek ◽  
Chul-Joong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Eurasian Lineage

ABSTRACT Due to dual susceptibility to both human and avian influenza A viruses, pigs are believed to be effective intermediate hosts for the spread and production of new viruses with pandemic potential. In early 2008, two swine H5N2 viruses were isolated from our routine swine surveillance in Korea. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of surface proteins revealed that the Sw/Korea/C12/08 and Sw/Korea/C13/08 viruses were derived from avian influenza viruses of the Eurasian lineage. However, although the Sw/Korea/C12/08 isolate is an entirely avian-like virus, the Sw/Korea/C13/08 isolate is an avian-swine-like reassortant with the PB2, PA, NP, and M genes coming from a 2006 Korean swine H3N1-like virus. The molecular characterization of the two viruses indicated an absence of significant mutations that could be associated with virulence or binding affinity. However, animal experiments showed that the reassortant Sw/Korea/C13/08 virus was more adapted and was more readily transmitted than the purely avian-like virus in a swine experimental model but not in ferrets. Furthermore, seroprevalence in swine sera from 2006 to 2008 suggested that avian H5 viruses have been infecting swine since 2006. Although there are no known potential clinical implications of the avian-swine reassortant virus for pathogenicity in pigs or other species, including humans, at present, the efficient transmissibility of the swine-adapted H5N2 virus could facilitate virus spread and could be a potential model for pandemic, highly pathogenic avian influenza (e.g., H5N1 and H7N7) virus outbreaks or a pandemic strain itself.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of low pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza A viruses from a healthy flock and its comparison to other H9N2 isolates

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Munir ◽  
Siamak Zohari ◽  
Muhammad Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Zubair Shabbir ◽  
Muhammad Nauman Zahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

scholarly journals Characterization of H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported into Japan from China

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MASE ◽  
M. ETO ◽  
K. IMAI ◽  
K. TSUKAMOTO ◽  
S. YAMAGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Potential Sources

We characterized eleven H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported from China. Genetically they were classified into six distinct genotypes, including five already known genotypes and one novel genotype. This suggested that such multiple genotypes of the H9N2 virus have possibly already become widespread and endemic in China. Two isolates have amino-acid substitutions that confer resistance to amantadine in the M2 region, and this supported the evidence that this mutation might be a result of the wide application of amantadine for avian influenza treatment in China. These findings emphasize the importance of surveillance for avian influenza virus in this region, and of quarantining imported chicken products as potential sources for the introduction of influenza virus.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Clade 2.3.2.1 Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses, Indonesia, 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Putu Indi Dharmayanti ◽  
Risza Hartawan ◽  
Hendra Pudjiatmoko ◽  
Wibawa ◽  
Amanda Hardiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Genetic Characterization

scholarly journals Characterization of the Whole-Genome Sequence of an H3N6 Avian Influenza Virus, Isolated from a Domestic Duck in Guangxi, Southern China

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Liu ◽  
Zhixun Xie ◽  
Sisi Luo ◽  
Liji Xie ◽  
Xianwen Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Domestic Duck ◽  
Guangxi Province ◽  
Eurasian Lineage

A field strain of H3N6 avian influenza virus (AIV), A/duck/Guangxi/175D12/2014(H3N6), was isolated from a native duck in Guangxi Province, southern China, in 2014. All of the eight AIV gene segments were sequenced, and sequence results revealed that there were 11 amino acid deletions at the NA stalk region. The NA, PB2, and NP genes showed highest homology to H5N6 AIV, and the PA gene showed highest homology to H7N2 AIV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the eight AIV gene segments belonged to the Eurasian lineage. These findings provide scientific evidence of possible or potential mutations of H3N6 AIV circulating in waterfowl in southern China.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4, Russia, 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2338-2339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan M. Susloparov ◽  
Natalia Goncharova ◽  
Natalia Kolosova ◽  
Alexey Danilenko ◽  
Vasiliy Marchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Genetic Characterization

scholarly journals Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 2814-2822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron A. M. Fouchier ◽  
Vincent Munster ◽  
Anders Wallensten ◽  
Theo M. Bestebroer ◽  
Sander Herfst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Putative Receptor ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Definition Of

ABSTRACT In wild aquatic birds and poultry around the world, influenza A viruses carrying 15 antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 antigenic subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) have been described. Here we describe a previously unidentified antigenic subtype of HA (H16), detected in viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in Sweden. In agreement with established criteria for the definition of antigenic subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition assays and immunodiffusion assays failed to detect specific reactivity between H16 and the previously described subtypes H1 to H15. Genetically, H16 HA was found to be distantly related to H13 HA, a subtype also detected exclusively in shorebirds, and the amino acid composition of the putative receptor-binding site of H13 and H16 HAs was found to be distinct from that in HA subtypes circulating in ducks and geese. The H16 viruses contained NA genes that were similar to those of other Eurasian shorebirds but genetically distinct from N3 genes detected in other birds and geographical locations. The European gull viruses were further distinguishable from other influenza A viruses based on their PB2, NP, and NS genes. Gaining information on the full spectrum of avian influenza A viruses and creating reagents for their detection and identification will remain an important task for influenza surveillance, outbreak control, and animal and public health. We propose that sequence analyses of HA and NA genes of influenza A viruses be used for the rapid identification of existing and novel HA and NA subtypes.

scholarly journals Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a young child infected with avian influenza A (H9N2) virus in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 3462-3467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Yelan Li ◽  
Xixing Zhang ◽  
Shuilian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Large City ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Central South ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

Three cases of the avian influenza A (H9N2) virus have been documented in Changsha, which is a large city that has nine districts and a population of 7.04 million in central South China. Among these patients, one was a girl and two were boys. The ages of the patients were 9 months, 2 years, and 15 years. Two cases of H9N2 were detected in September, 2015 and one was detected in 2017. Two patients were children who had not reached the age for kindergarten and one was a student. These three cases were all mild and were detected in a sentinel hospital of the Chinese Influenza Surveillance System. We describe the clinical and epidemiological features of the youngest patient with H9N2 in 2017 and the surveillance results of the H9N2 virus in live poultry markets in Changsha. From January 2014 to December 2017, 4212 samples were collected in live poultry markets in Changsha, among which 25.81% (1087/4212) were H9N2-positive. Public health concerns should be addressed for emerging H9N2 virus infection, and more strategies should be performed before this virus mutates to be more transmissible and highly pathogenic.

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