Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls

ABSTRACT In wild aquatic birds and poultry around the world, influenza A viruses carrying 15 antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 antigenic subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) have been described. Here we describe a previously unidentified antigenic subtype of HA (H16), detected in viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in Sweden. In agreement with established criteria for the definition of antigenic subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition assays and immunodiffusion assays failed to detect specific reactivity between H16 and the previously described subtypes H1 to H15. Genetically, H16 HA was found to be distantly related to H13 HA, a subtype also detected exclusively in shorebirds, and the amino acid composition of the putative receptor-binding site of H13 and H16 HAs was found to be distinct from that in HA subtypes circulating in ducks and geese. The H16 viruses contained NA genes that were similar to those of other Eurasian shorebirds but genetically distinct from N3 genes detected in other birds and geographical locations. The European gull viruses were further distinguishable from other influenza A viruses based on their PB2, NP, and NS genes. Gaining information on the full spectrum of avian influenza A viruses and creating reagents for their detection and identification will remain an important task for influenza surveillance, outbreak control, and animal and public health. We propose that sequence analyses of HA and NA genes of influenza A viruses be used for the rapid identification of existing and novel HA and NA subtypes.

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An evaluation of the InDevR FluChip-8G insight microarray assay in characterizing influenza a viruses

Tropical Diseases Travel Medicine and Vaccines ◽

10.1186/s40794-021-00133-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Emily S. Bailey ◽

Xinye Wang ◽

Mai-juan Ma ◽

Guo-lin Wang ◽

Gregory C. Gray

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Time Range ◽

Influenza B ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Laboratory Methods ◽

Duke University ◽

Multiple Viral Strains ◽

Rapid Characterization

AbstractInfluenza viruses are an important cause of disease in both humans and animals, and their detection and characterization can take weeks. In this study, we sought to compare classical virology techniques with a new rapid microarray method for the detection and characterization of a very diverse, panel of animal, environmental, and human clinical or field specimens that were molecularly positive for influenza A alone (n = 111), influenza B alone (n = 3), both viruses (n = 13), or influenza negative (n = 2) viruses. All influenza virus positive samples in this study were first subtyped by traditional laboratory methods, and later evaluated using the FluChip-8G Insight Assay (InDevR Inc. Boulder, CO) in laboratories at Duke University (USA) or at Duke Kunshan University (China). The FluChip-8G Insight multiplexed assay agreed with classical virologic techniques 59 (54.1%) of 109 influenza A-positive, 3 (100%) of the 3 influenza B-positive, 0 (0%) of 10 both influenza A- and B-positive samples, 75% of 24 environmental samples including those positive for H1, H3, H7, H9, N1, and N9 strains, and 80% of 22 avian influenza samples. It had difficulty with avian N6 types and swine H3 and N2 influenza specimens. The FluChip-8G Insight assay performed well with most human, environmental, and animal samples, but had some difficulty with samples containing multiple viral strains and with specific animal influenza strains. As classical virology methods are often iterative and can take weeks, the FluChip-8G Insight Assay rapid results (time range 8 to 12 h) offers considerable time savings. As the FluChip-8G analysis algorithm is expected to improve over time with addition of new subtypes and sample matrices, the FluChip-8G Insight Assay has considerable promise for rapid characterization of novel influenza viruses affecting humans or animals.

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Molecular and biological characterization of influenza A viruses isolated from human fecal samples

Infection Genetics and Evolution ◽

10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104972 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104972

Author(s):

Hebah A. Al Khatib ◽

Peter V. Coyle ◽

Muna A. Al Maslamani ◽

Asmaa A. Al Thani ◽

Sameer A. Pathan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Biological Characterization ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Fecal Samples

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Antigenic characterization of novel H1 influenza A viruses in swine

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-61315-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rodrigo Tapia ◽

Montserrat Torremorell ◽

Marie Culhane ◽

Rafael A. Medina ◽

Víctor Neira

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Antigenic Characterization

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Isolation and characterization of low pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza A viruses from a healthy flock and its comparison to other H9N2 isolates

Indian Journal of Virology ◽

10.1007/s13337-013-0144-1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 342-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Muhammad Munir ◽

Siamak Zohari ◽

Muhammad Abbas ◽

Muhammad Zubair Shabbir ◽

Muhammad Nauman Zahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Isolation And Characterization

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Characterization of H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported into Japan from China

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268806006728 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 135 (3) ◽

pp. 386-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. MASE ◽

M. ETO ◽

K. IMAI ◽

K. TSUKAMOTO ◽

S. YAMAGUCHI

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

H9n2 Virus ◽

Amino Acid Substitutions ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Potential Sources

We characterized eleven H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported from China. Genetically they were classified into six distinct genotypes, including five already known genotypes and one novel genotype. This suggested that such multiple genotypes of the H9N2 virus have possibly already become widespread and endemic in China. Two isolates have amino-acid substitutions that confer resistance to amantadine in the M2 region, and this supported the evidence that this mutation might be a result of the wide application of amantadine for avian influenza treatment in China. These findings emphasize the importance of surveillance for avian influenza virus in this region, and of quarantining imported chicken products as potential sources for the introduction of influenza virus.

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Improving pandemic influenza risk assessment

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.03883 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Colin A Russell ◽

Peter M Kasson ◽

Ruben O Donis ◽

Steven Riley ◽

John Dunbar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Pandemic Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Virus Genome ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Influenza Surveillance ◽

Human Influenza ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Virus Genotype

Assessing the pandemic risk posed by specific non-human influenza A viruses is an important goal in public health research. As influenza virus genome sequencing becomes cheaper, faster, and more readily available, the ability to predict pandemic potential from sequence data could transform pandemic influenza risk assessment capabilities. However, the complexities of the relationships between virus genotype and phenotype make such predictions extremely difficult. The integration of experimental work, computational tool development, and analysis of evolutionary pathways, together with refinements to influenza surveillance, has the potential to transform our ability to assess the risks posed to humans by non-human influenza viruses and lead to improved pandemic preparedness and response.

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Molecular Characterization of the Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Genes of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Poultry in Vietnam from 2004 to 2005

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science ◽

10.1292/jvms.68.527 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 527-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Yukiko MURAMOTO ◽

Thi Quynh Mai LE ◽

Lien Song PHUONG ◽

Tung NGUYEN ◽

Thu Ha NGUYEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

H5n1 Influenza

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Transmission of Eurasian avian H2 influenza virus to shorebirds in North America

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-80-12-3167 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 80 (12) ◽

pp. 3167-3171 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

N. V. Makarova ◽

N. V. Kaverin ◽

S. Krauss ◽

D. Senne ◽

R. G. Webster

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

The Other ◽

Influenza Surveillance ◽

Gene Characterization ◽

Eurasian Lineage ◽

Antibody Panel ◽

Antigenic Relationships

Influenza A virus of the H2 subtype caused a serious pandemic in 1957 and may cause similar outbreaks in the future. To assess the evolution and the antigenic relationships of avian influenza H2 viruses, we sequenced the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of H2 isolates from shorebirds, ducks and poultry in North America and derived a phylogenetic tree to establish their interrelationships. This analysis confirmed the divergence of H2 HA into two geographical lineages, American and Eurasian. One group of viruses isolated from shorebirds in North America had HA belonging to the Eurasian lineage, indicating an interregional transmission of the H2 gene. Characterization of HA with a monoclonal antibody panel revealed that the antigenicity of the Delaware strains differed from the other avian strains analysed. The data emphasizes the importance of avian influenza surveillance.

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Detection of Antigenic Variants of Subtype H3 Swine Influenza A Viruses from Clinical Samples

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.02049-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 1037-1045 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brigitte E. Martin ◽

Andrew S. Bowman ◽

Lei Li ◽

Jacqueline M. Nolting ◽

David R. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Large Population ◽

Swine Influenza ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Proximity Ligation Assay ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Influenza Surveillance ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Virus Propagation ◽

Vaccination Programs

ABSTRACT A large population of genetically and antigenically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) are circulating among the swine population, playing an important role in influenza ecology. Swine IAVs not only cause outbreaks among swine but also can be transmitted to humans, causing sporadic infections and even pandemic outbreaks. Antigenic characterizations of swine IAVs are key to understanding the natural history of these viruses in swine and to selecting strains for effective vaccines. However, influenza outbreaks generally spread rapidly among swine, and the conventional methods for antigenic characterization require virus propagation, a time-consuming process that can significantly reduce the effectiveness of vaccination programs. We developed and validated a rapid, sensitive, and robust method, the polyclonal serum-based proximity ligation assay (polyPLA), to identify antigenic variants of subtype H3N2 swine IAVs. This method utilizes oligonucleotide-conjugated polyclonal antibodies and quantifies antibody-antigen binding affinities by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Results showed the assay can rapidly detect H3N2 IAVs directly from nasal wash or nasal swab samples collected from laboratory-challenged animals or during influenza surveillance at county fairs. In addition, polyPLA can accurately separate the viruses at two contemporary swine IAV antigenic clusters (H3N2 swine IAV-α and H3N2 swine IAV-ß) with a sensitivity of 84.9% and a specificity of 100.0%. The polyPLA can be routinely used in surveillance programs to detect antigenic variants of influenza viruses and to select vaccine strains for use in controlling and preventing disease in swine.

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