scholarly journals Reclassification of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae as Paenibacillus larvae without subspecies differentiation

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Genersch ◽  
Eva Forsgren ◽  
Jaana Pentikäinen ◽  
Ainura Ashiralieva ◽  
Sandra Rauch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Subspecies Differentiation ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Clear Identification ◽  
Bee Colonies ◽  
Honey Bee Larvae ◽  
Reference Strains

A polyphasic taxonomic study of the two subspecies of Paenibacillus larvae, Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae and Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens, supported the reclassification of the subspecies into one species, Paenibacillus larvae, without subspecies separation. Our conclusions are based on the analysis of six reference strains of P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and three reference strains and 44 field isolates of P. larvae. subsp. larvae. The latter originated from brood or honey of clinically diseased honey bee colonies or from honey of both clinically diseased and asymptomatic colonies from Sweden, Finland and Germany. Colony and spore morphology, as well as the metabolism of mannitol and salicin, did not allow a clear identification of the two subspecies and SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins did not support the subspecies differentiation. For genomic fingerprinting, repetitive element-PCR fingerprinting using ERIC primers and PFGE of bacterial DNA were performed. The latter method is a high-resolution DNA fingerprinting method proven to be superior to most other methods for biochemical and molecular typing and has not previously been used to characterize P. larvae. ERIC-PCR identified four different genotypes, while PFGE revealed two main clusters. One cluster included most of the P. larvae subsp. larvae field isolates, as well as all P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens reference strains. The other cluster comprised the pigmented variants of P. larvae subsp. larvae. 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for some strains. Finally, exposure bioassays demonstrated that reference strains of P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens were pathogenic for honey bee larvae, producing symptoms similar to reference strains of P. larvae subsp. larvae. In comparison with the type strain for P. larvae subsp. larvae, ATCC 9545T, the P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens strains tested were even more virulent, since they showed a shorter LT100. An emended description of the species is given.

Identification and Treatment of European Foulbrood in Honey Bee Colonies

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Mueller ◽  
Cameron Jack ◽  
Ashley N. Mortensen ◽  
Jamie D. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
European Foulbrood ◽  
Bee Colonies ◽  
Honey Bee Larvae

European foulbrood is a bacterial disease that affects Western honey bee larvae. It is a concern to beekeepers everywhere, though it is less serious than American foulbrood because it does not form spores, which means that it can be treated. This 7-page fact sheet written by Catherine M. Mueller, Cameron J. Jack, Ashley N. Mortensen, and Jamie Ellis and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department describes the disease and explains how to identify it to help beekeepers manage their colonies effectively and prevent the spread of both American and European foulbrood.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1272

scholarly journals Screening of Paenibacillus Larvae Spores in Apiaries from Eastern Poland. Nationwide Survey. Part I

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Pohorecka ◽  
Marta Skubida ◽  
Andrzej Bober ◽  
Dagmara Zdańska
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Sheep Blood Agar ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Sheep Blood ◽  
Bee Colonies ◽  
Culture Positive

Abstract Screening of the prevalence of Paenibacillus larvae spores in honey bee colonies in apiaries from 162 districts, belonging to nine provinces was carried out during 2009-2011. The honey samples were examined by the use of a culture method. Based on the number of CFUs grown on Columbia sheep blood agar medium, the level of infection and probability of American foulbrood outbreak was estimated. Altogether, 6,510 pooled honey samples from 32,550 bee colonies located in 2,294 apiaries were collected. P. larvae was identified in 45% of the surveyed apiaries. The widest distribution of P. larvae was found in the Małopolskie province. Culture-positive honey samples were obtained for 71% of the apiaries and in a half of them, the level of spores was high. In the Warmińsko-Mazurskie province, the presence of the bacterium was detected in 58% of the apiaries. In the remaining provinces, from 26% to 47% of the apiaries were contaminated with P. larvae spores

scholarly journals Response of in vitro reared honey bee larvae to various doses of Paenibacillus larvae larvae spores

Apidologie ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla J. Brødsgaard ◽  
Wolfgang Ritter ◽  
Henrik Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Honey Bee Larvae

scholarly journals Reclassification of [Pasteurella] trehalosi as Bibersteinia trehalosi gen. nov., comb. nov.

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blackall ◽  
Anders Miki Bojesen ◽  
Henrik Christensen ◽  
Magne Bisgaard
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bibersteinia Trehalosi ◽  
Reference Strains

[Pasteurella] trehalosi is an important pathogen of sheep, being primarily associated with serious systemic infections in lambs but also having an association with pneumonia. The aim of the present investigation was to characterize a broad collection of strains tentatively identified as [P.] trehalosi in order to reclassify and rename this taxon to support improvements in our understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of this important organism. The type strain for [P.] trehalosi, strain NCTC 10370T, was included along with 42 field isolates from sheep (21), cattle (14), goats (1), roe deer (3) and unknown sources (3). An extended phenotypic characterization was performed on all 43 strains. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was also performed on the isolates. Two of the field isolates were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These sequences, along with five existing sequences for [P.] trehalosi strains and 12 sequences for other taxa in the family Pasteurellaceae, were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis. All the isolates and the reference strains were identified as [P.] trehalosi. A total of 17 out of 22 ovine isolates produced acid from all glycosides, while only four out of 14 bovine isolates produced acid from all glycosides. All 22 ovine isolates were haemolytic and CAMP-positive, while no other isolate was haemolytic and only two bovine isolates were CAMP-positive. Nineteen AFLP types were found within the [P.] trehalosi isolates. All [P.] trehalosi isolates shared at least 70 % similarity in AFLP patterns. The largest AFLP type included the type strain and 7 ovine field isolates. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seven strains studied (two field isolates and the five serovar reference strains) are closely related, with 98.6 % or higher 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. As both genotypic and phenotypic testing support the separate and distinct nature of these organisms, we propose the transfer of [P.] trehalosi to a new genus, Bibersteinia, as Bibersteinia trehalosi comb. nov. The type strain is NCTC 10370T (=ATCC 29703T). Bibersteinia trehalosi can be distinguished from the existing genera of the family by the observation of only nine characteristics; catalase, porphyrin, urease, indole, phosphatase, acid from dulcitol, (+)-d-galactose, (+)-d-mannose and (+)-d-trehalose.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of Paenibacillus larvae MEX14, Isolated from Honey Bee Larvae from the Xochimilco Quarter in Mexico City

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Peréz de la Rosa ◽  
J. J. Pérez de la Rosa ◽  
R. Cossio-Bayugar ◽  
E. Miranda-Miranda ◽  
L. Lozano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Honey Bee Larvae

scholarly journals Novel probiotic approach to counter Paenibacillus larvae infection in honey bees

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan A. Daisley ◽  
Andrew P. Pitek ◽  
John A. Chmiel ◽  
Kait F. Al ◽  
Anna M. Chernyshova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Pathogen Load ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacilli ◽  
Honey Bee Larvae

Abstract American foulbrood (AFB) is a highly virulent disease afflicting honey bees (Apis mellifera). The causative organism, Paenibacillus larvae, attacks honey bee brood and renders entire hives dysfunctional during active disease states, but more commonly resides in hives asymptomatically as inactive spores that elude even vigilant beekeepers. The mechanism of this pathogenic transition is not fully understood, and no cure exists for AFB. Here, we evaluated how hive supplementation with probiotic lactobacilli (delivered through a nutrient patty; BioPatty) affected colony resistance towards a naturally occurring AFB outbreak. Results demonstrated a significantly lower pathogen load and proteolytic activity of honey bee larvae from BioPatty-treated hives. Interestingly, a distinctive shift in the microbiota composition of adult nurse bees occurred irrespective of treatment group during the monitoring period, but only vehicle-supplemented nurse bees exhibited higher P. larvae loads. In vitro experiments utilizing laboratory-reared honey bee larvae showed Lactobacillus plantarum Lp39, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus kunkeei BR-1 (contained in the BioPatty) could reduce pathogen load, upregulate expression of key immune genes, and improve survival during P. larvae infection. These findings suggest the usage of a lactobacilli-containing hive supplement, which is practical and affordable for beekeepers, may be effective for reducing enzootic pathogen-related hive losses.

scholarly journals Anti-Virulence Strategy against the Honey Bee Pathogenic Bacterium Paenibacillus larvae via Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Bacterial Toxin Plx2A

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
Julia Ebeling ◽  
Franziska Pieper ◽  
Josefine Göbel ◽  
Henriette Knispel ◽  
Michael McCarthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Small Molecule Inhibitors ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Bacterial Toxin ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Honey Bee Larvae

American Foulbrood, caused by Paenibacillus larvae, is the most devastating bacterial honey bee brood disease. Finding a treatment against American Foulbrood would be a huge breakthrough in the battle against the disease. Recently, small molecule inhibitors against virulence factors have been suggested as candidates for the development of anti-virulence strategies against bacterial infections. We therefore screened an in-house library of synthetic small molecules and a library of flavonoid natural products, identifying the synthetic compound M3 and two natural, plant-derived small molecules, Acacetin and Baicalein, as putative inhibitors of the recently identified P. larvae toxin Plx2A. All three inhibitors were potent in in vitro enzyme activity assays and two compounds were shown to protect insect cells against Plx2A intoxication. However, when tested in exposure bioassays with honey bee larvae, no effect on mortality could be observed for the synthetic or the plant-derived inhibitors, thus suggesting that the pathogenesis strategies of P. larvae are likely to be too complex to be disarmed in an anti-virulence strategy aimed at a single virulence factor. Our study also underscores the importance of not only testing substances in in vitro or cell culture assays, but also testing the compounds in P. larvae-infected honey bee larvae.

scholarly journals Inhibitory effect of indole analogs against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Alvarado ◽  
Joseph W Margotta ◽  
Mai M Aoki ◽  
Fernando Flores ◽  
Fresia Agudelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Bacterial Proliferation ◽  
American Foulbrood Disease ◽  
Honey Bee Larvae

Abstract Paenibacillus larvae, a Gram-positive bacterium, causes American foulbrood (AFB) in honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera Linnaeus [Hymenoptera: Apidae]). P. larvae spores exit dormancy in the gut of bee larvae, the germinated cells proliferate, and ultimately bacteremia kills the host. Hence, spore germination is a required step for establishing AFB disease. We previously found that P. larvae spores germinate in response to l-tyrosine plus uric acid in vitro. Additionally, we determined that indole and phenol blocked spore germination. In this work, we evaluated the antagonistic effect of 35 indole and phenol analogs and identified strong inhibitors of P. larvae spore germination in vitro. We further tested the most promising candidate, 5-chloroindole, and found that it significantly reduced bacterial proliferation. Finally, feeding artificial worker jelly containing anti-germination compounds to AFB-exposed larvae significantly decreased AFB infection in laboratory-reared honey bee larvae. Together, these results suggest that inhibitors of P. larvae spore germination could provide another method to control AFB.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Response of Honey Bee Larvae Infected with the Bacterial Pathogen Paenibacillus larvae

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. e65424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Scott Cornman ◽  
Dawn Lopez ◽  
Jay D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Honey Bee Larvae

Advances in Paenibacillus larvae and American foulbrood monitoring in honey bee colonies from Argentinean apiaries

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Jorgelina Fernández ◽  
Liesel Brenda Gende ◽  
Martín Javier Eguaras
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Bee Colonies
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