scholarly journals Characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from Nicaraguan children in hospital, primary care and community settings

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Vilchez ◽  
Sylvia Becker-Dreps ◽  
Erick Amaya ◽  
Claudia Perez ◽  
Margarita Paniagua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Community Setting ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Primary Care Clinics

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea among young children in developing countries. ETEC vaccines offer promise in reducing the burden of ETEC disease, but the development of these vaccines relies on the characterization of ETEC isolates from a variety of settings. To best reflect the full spectrum of ETEC disease in León, Nicaragua, the aim of this study was to characterize ETEC strains isolated from children with diarrhoea attending different settings (hospital, primary care clinics and in the community) and children from different age groups. We characterized ETEC isolates in terms of their colonization factors (CFs) and enterotoxins, and determined whether these factors varied with setting and age group. Diarrhoeal stool samples were obtained from children under the age of 60 months from: (1) the regional public hospital, (2) four public primary care clinics, and (3) a population-based cohort. In total, 58 ETEC-positive isolates were analysed by multiplex-PCR assays for the identification of CFs (CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS7, CS8, CS12, CS13, CS14, CS15, CS17, CS18, CS19, CS20, CS21, CS22 and CFA/I), and enterotoxins [heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable variants STh and STp]. The frequency of CFs and enterotoxins was compared among the three settings and for different age groups, using Fisher’s exact test or a χ2 test. At least one CF was detected among one-half of samples; CS19 was detected among all strains in which a CF was identified, either alone or in combination with another CF. Among all CFs detected, 91.7 % were identified as members of the class 5 fimbrial family. CFs were detected more commonly among samples from infants captured in the health facility setting compared with the community setting. Overall, LT was detected among 67.2 % of samples, STh was detected among 20.7 % and both enterotoxins were detected among 12.1 %. The enterotoxin STh was detected more commonly among cases in the community, whilst a combination of STh and LT was detected more commonly among cases treated in health facilities. Our results suggest that, to protect against diarrhoeal cases associated with this E. coli pathotype in León, Nicaragua, an ETEC vaccine that effectively targets the archeotype CFA/I of the class 5 fimbrial family would be the most effective in this setting.

Recent Trends in the Prescribing of ADHD Medications in Canadian Primary Care

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Morkem ◽  
Scott Patten ◽  
John Queenan ◽  
David Barber
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Adhd Medication ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Medication Prescribing ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Adhd Medications

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and incidence of ADHD medication prescribing, by age and gender, from 2005 to 2015 in Canadian primary care. Method: A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the prescribing of ADHD medications between 2005 and 2015 using electronic medical record data. Yearly prevalence and incidence of ADHD medication prescribing were calculated for preschoolers (up to 5 years old), school-aged children (6-17 years old), and adults (18-65 years old) along with a description of the types of ADHD medications prescribed between 2005 and 2015. Results: Between 2005 and 2015, there was a 2.6-fold increase in the prevalence of ADHD medication prescribing to preschoolers, a 2.5-fold increase in school-aged children, and a fourfold increase in adults. There was a corresponding rise in incidence of prescribing although this rise was moderate and estimates were much lower compared with prevalence. The most commonly prescribed medication was Methylphenidate (65.0% of all ADHD medications prescribed). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of ADHD has remained stable over time, this study found an increase in the prescribing of ADHD medications in all age groups between 2005 and 2015. Incidence of new prescriptions was small relative to prevalence, suggesting that longer term treatments are being adopted.

scholarly journals Characterization of the F41 fimbrial antigen of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by using monoclonal antibodies.

1989 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1192-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
F G van Zijderveld ◽  
F Westenbrink ◽  
J Anakotta ◽  
R A Brouwers ◽  
A M van Zijderveld
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli

scholarly journals Effectiveness of live attenuated monovalent human rotavirus vaccination in rural Ecuador, 2008-2013

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia N. M. Kraay ◽  
Edward L. Ionides ◽  
Gwenyth O. Lee ◽  
William F. Cevallos Trujillo ◽  
Joseph N.S. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Community Setting ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Overall Effectiveness

AbstractBackgroundWhile live attenuated monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix) efficacy has been characterized through randomized studies, its effectiveness, especially in non-clinical settings, is unclear. In this study, we estimate direct, indirect, and overall effectiveness of Rotarix vaccination.MethodsWe analyze 29 months of all-cause diarrhea surveillance from a child cohort (n=376) and ten years of serial population-based case-control lab-confirmed rotavirus data (n=2489) from rural Ecuador during which Rotarix vaccination was introduced. We estimate: 1) the direct effect of vaccination from a cohort of children born from 2008-2013 using Cox regression to compare time to first all-cause diarrhea case by vaccine status; and 2) the overall effect on all-cause diarrheal and symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus infection for all age groups, including indirect effects on adults, from the case-control data using weighted logistic regression.ResultsRotarix vaccination provided direct protection against all-cause diarrhea among children 0.5 - 2 years (All-cause diarrhea reduction for receipt of 2 doses of Rotarix=57.1%, 95% CI: 16.6, 77.9%). Overall effectiveness against rotavirus infection was strong (Exposure to 100% coverage of Rotarix vaccination was associated with an 85.5% reduction, 95% CI: 61.1-94.6%) compared to 0% coverage. Indirect effects were observed among older, vaccine-ineligible children and adults (84.5% reduction, 95% CI: 48.2-95.4%). Vaccine effectiveness was high against both symptomatic (48.3% reduction,95% CI: 0.03-73.1%) and asymptomatic infection (90.1% reduction, 95% CI: 56.9-97.7%).ConclusionsRotarix vaccination suppresses overall transmission. It is highly effective among children in a rural community setting and provides population-level benefits through indirect protection among adults.

Further characterization of Escherichia coli O153:H45, an ETEC serotype disseminated in Chile

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Elena Fernández-Beroš ◽  
Vincent Kissel ◽  
Maria E. Agüero ◽  
Guillermo Figueroa ◽  
Karen D'Ottone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Plasmid Content ◽  
Enterotoxin Genes ◽  
Metabolic Properties ◽  
Factor Antigen

The newly described stable enterotoxin producing, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, serotype O153:H45, capable of expressing colonizing factor antigen I, is frequently isolated as a cause of diarrhea among Chilean children. Hybridization studies of five new strains confirmed previous results which indicated that the stable enterotoxin genes are contained in nonconjugative plasmids ranging in size from 81 to 87 kilobases. The strains expressed similar antibiotic resistance and metabolic properties but differed in their plasmid content.

Purification and characterization of the fimbria F18ac (2134P) isolated from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R.N. Amorim ◽  
M.S.A. Matsuura ◽  
J.C. Rosa ◽  
L.J. Greene ◽  
D.S. Leite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Purification And Characterization
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