Reduced spatial integration in the ventral visual cortex underlies face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Witthoft ◽  
Sonia Poltoratski ◽  
Mai Nguyen ◽  
Golijeh Golarai ◽  
Alina Liberman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Brain Abnormalities ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Retinotopic Organization

Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is characterized by deficits in face recognition without gross brain abnormalities. However, the neural basis of DP is not well understood. We measured population receptive fields (pRFs) in ventral visual cortex of DPs and typical adults to assess the contribution of spatial integration to face processing. While DPs showed typical retinotopic organization of ventral visual cortex and normal pRF sizes in early visual areas, we found significantly reduced pRF sizes in face-selective regions and in intermediate areas hV4 and VO1. Across both typicals and DPs, face recognition ability correlated positively with pRF size in both face-selective regions and VO1, whereby participants with larger pRFs perform better. However, face recognition ability is correlated with both pRF size and ROI volume only in face-selective regions. These findings suggest that smaller pRF sizes in DP may reflect a deficit in spatial integration affecting holistic processing required for face recognition.

scholarly journals Unique spatial integration in mouse primary visual cortex and higher visual areas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Murgas ◽  
Ashley M. Wilson ◽  
Valerie Michael ◽  
Lindsey L. Glickfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Global Features ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

AbstractNeurons in the visual system integrate over a wide range of spatial scales. This diversity is thought to enable both local and global computations. To understand how spatial information is encoded across the mouse visual system, we use two-photon imaging to measure receptive fields in primary visual cortex (V1) and three downstream higher visual areas (HVAs): LM (lateromedial), AL (anterolateral) and PM (posteromedial). We find significantly larger receptive field sizes and less surround suppression in PM than in V1 or the other HVAs. Unlike other visual features studied in this system, specialization of spatial integration in PM cannot be explained by specific projections from V1 to the HVAs. Instead, our data suggests that distinct connectivity within PM may support the area’s unique ability to encode global features of the visual scene, whereas V1, LM and AL may be more specialized for processing local features.

scholarly journals Rewarding Feedback After Correct Visual Discriminations Has Both General and Specific Influences on Visual Cortex

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 1746-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Weil ◽  
N. Furl ◽  
C. C. Ruff ◽  
M. Symmonds ◽  
G. Flandin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Correct Performance ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Time Point

Reward can influence visual performance, but the neural basis of this effect remains poorly understood. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how rewarding feedback affected activity in distinct areas of human visual cortex, separating rewarding feedback events after correct performance from preceding visual events. Participants discriminated oriented gratings in either hemifield, receiving auditory feedback at trial end that signaled financial reward after correct performance. Greater rewards improved performance for all but the most difficult trials. Rewarding feedback increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals in striatum and orbitofrontal cortex. It also increased BOLD signals in visual areas beyond retinotopic cortex, but not in primary visual cortex representing the judged stimuli. These modulations were seen at a time point in which no visual stimuli were presented or expected, demonstrating a novel type of activity change in visual cortex that cannot reflect modulation of response to incoming or anticipated visual stimuli. Rewarded trials led on the next trial to improved performance and enhanced visual activity contralateral to the judged stimulus, for retinotopic representations of the judged visual stimuli in V1. Our findings distinguish general effects in nonretinotopic visual cortex when receiving rewarding feedback after correct performance from consequences of reward for spatially specific responses in V1.

Synchronous Activity in Cat Visual Cortex Encodes Collinear and Cocircular Contours

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 2602-2616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Samonds ◽  
Zhiyi Zhou ◽  
Melanie R. Bernard ◽  
A. B. Bonds
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Synchronous Activity ◽  
Cat Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Contour Information ◽  
Multiple Cells ◽  
Simultaneous Activity

We explored how contour information in primary visual cortex might be embedded in the simultaneous activity of multiple cells recorded with a 100-electrode array. Synchronous activity in cat visual cortex was more selective and predictable in discriminating between drifting grating and concentric ring stimuli than changes in firing rate. Synchrony was found even between cells with wholly different orientation preferences when their receptive fields were circularly aligned, and membership in synchronous groups was orientation and curvature dependent. The existence of synchrony between cocircular cells reinforces its role as a general mechanism for contour integration and shape detection as predicted by association field concepts. Our data suggest that cortical synchrony results from common and synchronous input from earlier visual areas and that it could serve to shape extrastriate response selectivity.

Neural Coding of Global Form in the Human Visual Cortex

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 2456-2469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Ostwald ◽  
Judith M. Lam ◽  
Sheng Li ◽  
Zoe Kourtzi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Global Form ◽  
Pattern Size ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Object Features

Extensive psychophysical and computational work proposes that the perception of coherent and meaningful structures in natural images relies on neural processes that convert information about local edges in primary visual cortex to complex object features represented in the temporal cortex. However, the neural basis of these mid-level vision mechanisms in the human brain remains largely unknown. Here, we examine functional MRI (fMRI) selectivity for global forms in the human visual pathways using sensitive multivariate analysis methods that take advantage of information across brain activation patterns. We use Glass patterns, parametrically varying the perceived global form (concentric, radial, translational) while ensuring that the local statistics remain similar. Our findings show a continuum of integration processes that convert selectivity for local signals (orientation, position) in early visual areas to selectivity for global form structure in higher occipitotemporal areas. Interestingly, higher occipitotemporal areas discern differences in global form structure rather than low-level stimulus properties with higher accuracy than early visual areas while relying on information from smaller but more selective neural populations (smaller voxel pattern size), consistent with global pooling mechanisms of local orientation signals. These findings suggest that the human visual system uses a code of increasing efficiency across stages of analysis that is critical for the successful detection and recognition of objects in complex environments.

scholarly journals Increased region of surround stimulation enhances contextual feedback and feedforward processing in human V1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Revina ◽  
Lucy S Petro ◽  
Cristina B Denk-Florea ◽  
Isa S Rao ◽  
Lars Muckli
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Feedforward Processing ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

The majority of synaptic inputs to the primary visual cortex (V1) are non-feedforward, instead originating from local and anatomical feedback connections. Animal electrophysiology experiments show that feedback signals originating from higher visual areas with larger receptive fields modulate the surround receptive fields of V1 neurons. Theories of cortical processing propose various roles for feedback and feedforward processing, but systematically investigating their independent contributions to cortical processing is challenging because feedback and feedforward processes coexist even in single neurons. Capitalising on the larger receptive fields of higher visual areas compared to primary visual cortex (V1), we used an occlusion paradigm that isolates top-down influences from feedforward processing. We utilised functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multi-voxel pattern analysis methods in humans viewing natural scene images. We parametrically measured how the availability of contextual information determines the presence of detectable feedback information in non-stimulated V1, and how feedback information interacts with feedforward processing. We show that increasing the visibility of the contextual surround increases scene-specific feedback information, and that this contextual feedback enhances feedforward information. Our findings are in line with theories that cortical feedback signals transmit internal models of predicted inputs.

scholarly journals Attending to What and Where: Background Connectivity Integrates Categorical and Spatial Attention

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1281-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa Tompary ◽  
Naseem Al-Aidroos ◽  
Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Attentional Modulation ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Ventral Temporal Cortex

Top–down attention prioritizes the processing of goal-relevant information throughout visual cortex based on where that information is found in space and what it looks like. Whereas attentional goals often have both spatial and featural components, most research on the neural basis of attention has examined these components separately. Here we investigated how these attentional components are integrated by examining the attentional modulation of functional connectivity between visual areas with different selectivity. Specifically, we used fMRI to measure temporal correlations between spatially selective regions of early visual cortex and category-selective regions in ventral temporal cortex while participants performed a task that benefitted from both spatial and categorical attention. We found that categorical attention modulated the connectivity of category-selective areas, but only with retinotopic areas that coded for the spatially attended location. Similarly, spatial attention modulated the connectivity of retinotopic areas only with the areas coding for the attended category. This pattern of results suggests that attentional modulation of connectivity is driven both by spatial selection and featural biases. Combined with exploratory analyses of frontoparietal areas that track these changes in connectivity among visual areas, this study begins to shed light on how different components of attention are integrated in support of more complex behavioral goals.

scholarly journals Unique Spatial Integration in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex and Higher Visual Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1862-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Murgas ◽  
Ashley M. Wilson ◽  
Valerie Michael ◽  
Lindsey L. Glickfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

scholarly journals A twisted visual field map in the primate cortex predicted by topographic continuity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin-Hao Yu ◽  
Declan P. Rowley ◽  
Nicholas S.C. Price ◽  
Marcello G.P. Rosa ◽  
Elizabeth Zavitz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Extrastriate Cortex ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Retinotopic Maps ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Array Recordings ◽  
Retinotopic Map

AbstractAdjacent neurons in visual cortex have overlapping receptive fields within and across area boundaries, an arrangement which is theorized to minimize wiring cost. This constraint is thought to create retinotopic maps of opposing field sign (mirror and non-mirror representations of the visual field) in adjacent visual areas, a concept which has become central in current attempts to subdivide the cortex. We modelled a realistic developmental scenario in which adjacent areas do not mature simultaneously, but need to maintain topographic continuity across their borders. This showed that the same mechanism that is hypothesized to maintain topographic continuity within each area can lead to a more complex type of retinotopic map, consisting of sectors with opposing field sign within a same area. Using fully quantitative electrode array recordings, we then demonstrate that this type of map exists in the primate extrastriate cortex.

scholarly journals Population receptive fields in non-human primates from whole-brain fMRI and large-scale neurophysiology in visual cortex in visual cortex

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Christiaan Klink ◽  
Xing Chen ◽  
Vim Vanduffel ◽  
Pieter Roelfsema
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Gamma Power ◽  
Retinotopic Organization ◽  
Brain Fmri

Population receptive field (pRF) modeling is a popular fMRI method to map the retinotopic organization of the human brain. While fMRI-based pRF-maps are qualitatively similar to invasively recorded single-cell receptive fields in animals, it remains unclear what neuronal signal they represent. We addressed this question in awake non-human primates comparing whole-brain fMRI and large-scale neurophysiological recordings in areas V1 and V4 of the visual cortex. We examined the fits of several pRF-models based on the fMRI BOLD-signal, multi-unit spiking activity (MUA) and local field potential (LFP) power in different frequency bands. We found that pRFs derived from BOLD-fMRI were most similar to MUA-pRFs in V1 and V4, while pRFs based on LFP gamma power also gave a good approximation. FMRI-based pRFs thus reliably reflect neuronal receptive field properties in the primate brain. In addition to our results in V1 and V4, the whole-brain fMRI measurements revealed retinotopic tuning in many other cortical and subcortical areas with a consistent increase in pRF-size with increasing eccentricity, as well as a retinotopically specific deactivation of default-mode network nodes similar to previous observations in humans.

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