scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of Tomato spotted wilt virus within and between alternate plant hosts and thrips

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey L. Ruark-Seward ◽  
Brian Bonville ◽  
George Kennedy ◽  
David A. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus

AbstractTomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a generalist pathogen with one of the broadest known host ranges among RNA viruses. To understand how TSWV adapts to different hosts, we experimentally passaged viral populations between two alternate hosts, Emilia sochifolia and Datura stramonium, and an obligate vector in which it also replicates, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Deep sequencing viral populations at multiple time points allowed us to track the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations within and between hosts. High levels of viral genetic diversity were maintained in both plants and thrips between transmission events. Rapid fluctuations in the frequency of amino acid variants indicated strong host-specific selection pressures on proteins involved in viral movement (NSm) and replication (RdRp). While several genetic variants showed opposing fitness effects in different hosts, fitness effects were generally positively correlated between hosts indicating that positive rather than antagonistic pleiotropy is pervasive. These results suggest that high levels of genetic diversity together with the positive pleiotropic effects of mutations have allowed TSWV to rapidly adapt to new hosts and expand its host range.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of Tomato spotted wilt virus within and between alternate plant hosts and thrips

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey L. Ruark-Seward ◽  
Brian Bonville ◽  
George Kennedy ◽  
David A. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a generalist pathogen with one of the broadest known host ranges among RNA viruses. To understand how TSWV adapts to different hosts, we experimentally passaged viral populations between two alternate hosts, Emilia sochifolia and Datura stramonium, and an obligate vector in which it also replicates, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Deep sequencing viral populations at multiple time points allowed us to track the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations within and between hosts. High levels of viral genetic diversity were maintained in both plants and thrips between transmission events. Rapid fluctuations in the frequency of amino acid variants indicated strong host-specific selection pressures on proteins involved in viral movement (NSm) and replication (RdRp). While several genetic variants showed opposing fitness effects in different hosts, fitness effects were generally positively correlated between hosts indicating that positive rather than antagonistic pleiotropy is pervasive. These results suggest that high levels of genetic diversity together with the positive pleiotropic effects of mutations have allowed TSWV to rapidly adapt to new hosts and expand its host range.

scholarly journals Tomato spotted wilt virus Infection Improves Host Suitability for Its Vector Frankliniella occidentalis

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 706-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Maris ◽  
N. N. Joosten ◽  
R. W. Goldbach ◽  
D. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Host Suitability ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Wilt Virus

The effect of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection on plant attractiveness for the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) was studied. Significantly more thrips were recovered on infected than were recovered on noninfected pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants in different preference tests. In addition, more offspring were produced on the virus-infected pepper plants, and this effect also was found for TSWV-infected Datura stramonium. Thrips behavior was minimally influenced by TSWV-infection of host plants with only a slight preference for feeding on infected plants. Offspring development was positively affected since larvae hatched earlier from eggs and subsequently pupated faster on TSWV-infected plants. These results show a mutualistic relationship between F. occidentalis and TSWV.

scholarly journals Virus status of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) does not affect their response to a thrips lure or host plant volatiles in a Ytube olfactometer

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Davidson ◽  
S.M. Skill ◽  
R.C. Butler ◽  
M-C. Nielsen ◽  
S. Keenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Host Plant Volatiles ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
The Impact

The impact of tospovirus infection on the behaviour of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) was evaluated in a Ytube olfactometer The response of female western flower thrips with or without a tospovirus (Tomato spotted wilt virus TSWV) to a thrips lure (methyl isonicotinate MI) and chrysanthemum buds was recorded Compared to the blank arm significantly more thrips chose the odourladen arm of the Ytube when it contained MI (65 P016) increase the percentage of thrips that chose the odourladen arm over and above the cleanair arm but thrips (virusfree and infected) moved more quickly to the end of either arm when a bud was present The virus status of thrips was confirmed with RTPCR The presence of the virus in the vector did not substantially affect the behavioural response of the vector to a lure or hostplant material (P>04)

scholarly journals Western Flower Thrips Can Transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus From Virus-infected Tomato Fruits

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Szostek ◽  
Priscila Rodriguez ◽  
Jasmin Sanchez ◽  
Scott Adkins ◽  
Rayapati A. Naidu
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Nucleocapsid Gene ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Wilt Virus

In this study, we demonstrate that western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis) can acquire and transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) from symptomatic tomato fruits. TSWV and other thrips-transmitted tospoviruses have long been known to spread via plant propagation material such as transplants. Global dissemination of tospoviruses has also been linked, in part, to transport and trade of thrips-infested and virus-infected horticultural products. However, the role of tomato fruits transported across state and national borders has not previously been examined as a means of virus spread or as a source for thrips acquisition of virus. Tomato fruits displaying typical tospovirus symptoms were purchased from several Washington State grocery stores. Many of these symptomatic fruits tested positive for TSWV and some for Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). First instar larvae of WFT successfully acquired TSWV from these infected tomato fruits and transmitted the virus as adults to Emilia sonchifolia plants. Symptomatic E. sonchifolia plants were confirmed positive for TSWV by lateral flow immunoassays and sequence analysis of a portion of the nucleocapsid gene. These results suggest the dissemination of TSWV (and likely other tospoviruses) and PepMV to new geographic areas by human-assisted transport of infected tomato fruits.

scholarly journals Replication of Tomato spotted wilt virus After Ingestion by Adult Thrips setosus is Restricted to Midgut Epithelial Cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ohnishi ◽  
Leandra M. Knight ◽  
Daijirou Hosokawa ◽  
Ichiro Fujisawa ◽  
Shinya Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Wilt Virus

If acquisition access feeding (AAF) is first given after adult eclosion, none of the nine thrips species able to serve as tospovirus vectors can become infective. The previous cellular investigations of this phenomenon, carried out only in Frankliniella occidentalis, suggested that infectivity was prevented because the type member of the tospoviruses, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), was unable to enter the midgut of adult thrips. The present study extends a cellular view of tospovirus—thrips interactions to a species other than the western flower thrips, F. occidentalis. Our findings show that TSWV enters and replicates within the midgut of adult Thrips setosus, but does not infect cells beyond the midgut epithelia. After AAF as adult, TSWV replicated in T. setosus midgut cells as indicated by significant increases in nucleocapsid (N) protein detected by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the presence of inclusions containing the S RNA-encoded nonstructural and N proteins revealed by microscopic observations. Electron microscopic observations of adult insects showed that no infection occurred in cells beyond the midgut epithelia, and insects subsampled from the same cohorts could not transmit TSWV. In contrast, electron microscopy observations of larval T. setosus revealed that TSWV infected the midgut and muscle cells, and adult insects developing from these cohorts had infected salivary glands and were able to transmit TSWV. Mature virions were observed only in the salivary glands of adults developing from infected larvae. Our findings suggest that the barrier to infectivity in T. setosus adults differs from that shown for F. occidentalis adults.

scholarly journals Variation in tospovirus transmission between populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. van de Wetering ◽  
M. van der Hoek ◽  
R. Goldbach ◽  
C. Mollema ◽  
D. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Tospovirus Species ◽  
Wilt Virus

AbstractFourteen populations of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, originating from different hosts and countries in Asia, Europe, North America and New Zealand, were analysed for their competency and efficiency to transmit tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). All populations acquired and subsequently transmitted the virus, and were thus competent to transmit. They show marked differences in their efficiency, expressed as the percentage of transmitting adults. Efficiencies varied from 18% for a F. occidentalis population from the USA (US2) to 75% for a population from Israel (IS2). The differences between populations were not affected by the amount of virus ingested or by the host plant used. However, the tospovirus species studied and age at which the larvae acquired the virus affected the efficiency to transmit. First instar larvae of the NL3 population from The Netherlands were able to acquire tomato spotted wilt virus, whereas second instar larvae failed to do so. However, both instars of this population acquired impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), another tospovirus. This and tomato spotted wilt virus were both acquired by both larval stages of the populations IS2 and US2, although their ability to acquire virus decreased with their age. Hence, it is likely that, in general, both instar larvae of most F. occidentalis populations are competent to acquire both tospoviruses. These results show that large differences exist in the efficiency by which tomato spotted wilt is transmitted by the various F. occidentalis populations and that the ability to acquire tospovirus decreases with the age of the larvae

scholarly journals Frankliniella Occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Population Dynamics on

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ion OLTEAN ◽  
Anca Dafina COVACI ◽  
Teodora FLORIAN ◽  
Cristina MATEI
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
The One ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Treatment Application

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is an important crop pest and a vector of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in many areas of the world. Its feeding can cause scarring and deformations on leaves and fruit, with seedlings and soft tissue particularly prone to feeding damage. Cucumbers and other vegetable are susceptible to fruit scarring. Population dynamics of western flower thrips was monitored both in field and protected spaces throughout different methods and on different ornamental and vegetables hosts. In this paper results regarding population dynamic on cucumber greenhouse crop are presented. Studies were conducted throughout five weeks. Shaken method was used. Ten leaves from the bottom of the plant, ten from the middle, ten from the tip of the plant and ten flowers were weekly sampled. Mean temperature and treatments applications were recorded. The fallen larvae and adults were counted. Females and males were separately noted. Sex ratio influence and spatial distribution was also followed. Data analysis demonstrated that thrips preferred to feed on younger leaves situated on tip of the plant. There was a very low difference between sex ratio in leaves as compared with the one in flowers. Regarding population dynamics of thrips on whole study period the trend was of increasing, thus treatment application were less efficient and proves its high pesticide resistance character.

scholarly journals Tomato spotted wilt virus Can Infect Resistant Tomato when Western Flower Thrips Inoculate Blossoms

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. 1666-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Houle ◽  
G. G. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt is a major disease of crops worldwide. Resistant cultivars carrying the Sw-5 allele for resistance to tomato spotted wilt disease (TSW) provide the most effective control method in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, infections of fruit on Sw-5+ tomato plants suggest the virus resistance may not be fully expressed in blossoms or developing fruit. The objective of this study was to determine if the thrips vector, the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), can transmit non-resistance breaking Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates when confined to blossoms on plants with and without the Sw-5 resistance allele. Twenty-one percent of 33 Sw-5+ plants inoculated by adult thrips feeding on blossom clusters or small fruit developed infections in the reproductive tissue, whereas 68% of 25 Sw-5– plants developed infections. Systemic infections also occurred following inoculation of blossoms in host genotypes with and without Sw-5. These results were further supported by field experiments that showed high proportions of infected fruit as well as a limited infection of foliage on the same stem as the infected fruit in Sw-5+ plants when F. occidentalis were abundant in blossoms. These findings help to explain observations of abundant late season infections of Sw-5 cultivars in commercial plantings and suggest that management of F. occidentalis infestations during the bloom period may be important for effective management of TSWV in susceptible tomato cultivars as well as cultivars expressing the Sw-5 allele for TSW resistance.

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