scholarly journals Interleukin-25-mediated resistance against intestinal trematodes does not depend on the generation of Th2 responses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Álvarez-Izquierdo ◽  
Miguel Pérez-Crespo ◽  
J. Guillermo Esteban ◽  
Carla Muñoz-Antoli ◽  
Rafael Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Icr Mice ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Th2 Responses ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Interleukin 25

AbstractInterleukin-25 (IL-25) is recognized as the most relevant initiator of protective Th2 responses in intestinal helminth infections. It is well known that IL-25 induces resistance against several species of intestinal helminths, including the trematode Echinostoma caproni. E. caproni has been extensively used as an experimental model to study the factors determining the resistance to intestinal infections. Herein, we assessed the role of IL-25 in the generation of resistance in mice to E. caproni infections. ICR mice are permissive hosts for E. caproni in which chronic infections are developed in relation to the lack of IL-25 production in response to primary infection and the consequent development of a Th1 response. However, pharmacological clearance of the primary infection induces non-specific expression of IL-25 that protects mice to secondary challenge infections in association with Th2 responses. Using this experimental model, we have determined that the role of IL-25 in the polarization of the immune response differs between the primary and secondary memory response. IL-25 is required for the development of a Th2 phenotype in primary E. caproni infections but also promotes the differentiation to Th2 memory cell subsets that enhances type 2 responses in memory responses, even in the absence of IL-25. Despite these events, development of Th2 responses does not induce resistance to infection. Our results suggest that Th2 phenotype does not elicit resistance and IL-25 is responsible for the resistance regardless of the type 2 cytokine activity and STAT6 activation. Alternative activation of macrophages induced by IL-25 could be implicated in the resistance to infection. In view of the critical role of IL-25, we have also investigated the factors determining the production of IL-25 and appears to be related to the alterations in resident microbiota induced by the infection.Author’s summaryInterleukin-25 (IL-25) plays a major role in resistance against intestinal helminth infections as initiator of protective Th2 responses. However, recent studies have challenged the contribution of this cytokine in both the polarization of the response towards a Th2 phenotype and the parasite rejection. We have used the experimental model Echinostoma caproni-ICR mice to investigate the participation of this cytokine in resistance to intestinal helminths. ICR mice are characterized by their inability to respond with IL-25 production in primary infections with E. caproni, causing susceptibility associated with a Th1 response. However, mice are refractory to infection in presence of IL-25 in relation to a type 2 phenotype. Herein, we show that dynamics of resident microbiota appears to be crucial in IL-25 production. Moreover, IL-25 seems to play a pivotal role in the polarization to Th2 in primary responses, but also appears to participate in the generation of memory mechanisms making unnecessary the participation of IL-25 in memory responses for the development of Th2 milieu. However, resistance to E. caproni infection does not depend on the generation of a Th2 phenotype, but exclusively depends on the presence of IL-25, operating autonomously from the type 2 response in the generation of resistance.

scholarly journals Interleukin-25-mediated resistance against intestinal trematodes does not depend on the generation of Th2 responses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Álvarez-Izquierdo ◽  
Miguel Pérez-Crespo ◽  
J. Guillermo Esteban ◽  
Carla Muñoz-Antoli ◽  
Rafael Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Echinostoma Caproni ◽  
Th2 Responses ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Interleukin 25

Abstract Background: Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is recognized as the most relevant initiator of protective Th2 responses in intestinal helminth infections. It is well known that IL-25 induces resistance against several species of intestinal helminths, including the trematode Echinostoma caproni. Echinostoma caproni has been extensively used as an experimental model to study the factors determining the resistance to intestinal infections. Herein, we assessed the role of IL-25 in the generation of resistance in mice to E. caproni infections. Methods: To this purpose, we analyze the fatros that determine the production of IL-25 in mice experimentally infected with E. caproni and its consequences in the polarization of the immune response and the resistance to infection.Results: We have determined that the role of IL-25 in the polarization of the immune response differs between the primary and secondary response. IL-25 is required for the development of a Th2 phenotype in primary E. caproni infections but could also promote the differentiation to Th2 memory cell subsets that enhances type 2 responses in memory responses. However, development of Th2 responses does not induce resistance to infection. Th2 phenotype does not elicit resistance and IL-25 is responsible for the resistance regardless of the type 2 cytokine activity and STAT6 activation. Alternative activation of macrophages induced by IL-25 could be implicated in the resistance to infection. Conclusions: In contrast to primary infection, secondary infection elicits a type 2 response, even in the absence of IL-25 expression. Despite the development of a type 2 response, mice are susceptible to secondary infection in relation to the lack of IL-25. Resistance to infection is due to IL-25, which acts autonomously from Th2 response in the parasite clearance.

scholarly journals Interleukin-25-mediated resistance against intestinal trematodes does not depend on the generation of Th2 responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Álvarez-Izquierdo ◽  
Miguel Pérez-Crespo ◽  
J. Guillermo Esteban ◽  
Carla Muñoz-Antoli ◽  
Rafael Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Alternative Activation ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Th2 Responses ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Interleukin 25

Abstract Background The cytokine interleukin-25 (IL-25) is recognized as the most relevant initiator of protective T helper 2 (Th2) responses in intestinal helminth infections. This cytokine induces resistance against several species of intestinal helminths, including the trematode Echinostoma caproni. E. caproni has been extensively used as an experimental model to study the factors determining resistance to intestinal infections. In the study reported here, we assessed the role of IL-25 in the generation of resistance in mice infected with E. caproni. Methods The factors that determine the production of IL-25 in mice experimentally infected with E. caproni were determined, as were the consequences of IL-25 production in terms of polarization of the immune response and resistance to infection. Results Our results show that the role of IL-25 in the polarization of the immune response differs between the primary and secondary immune responses. IL-25 is required for the development of a Th2 phenotype in primary E. caproni infections, but it can also promote the differentiation to Th2 memory cell subsets that enhance type-2 immunity in memory responses. However, the development of Th2 responses does not induce resistance to infection. The Th2 phenotype does not elicit resistance, and IL-25 is responsible for the resistance regardless of its type-2 cytokine activity and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT6). Alternative activation of macrophages induced by IL-25 can be implicated in the resistance to infection. Conclusions In contrast to primary infection, secondary infection elicits a type-2 immune response even in the absence of IL-25 expression. Despite the development of a type-2 response, mice are susceptible to secondary infection associated with the lack of IL-25. Resistance to infection is due to the production of IL-25, which acts autonomously from Th2 response in terms of parasite clearance.

scholarly journals Interleukin-25-Mediated Resistance Against Intestinal Trematodes Does Not Depend on The Generation of Th2 Responses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Álvarez-Izquierdo ◽  
Miguel Pérez-Crespo ◽  
J. Guillermo Esteban ◽  
Carla Muñoz-Antoli ◽  
Rafael Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Echinostoma Caproni ◽  
Th2 Responses ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Interleukin 25

Abstract Background: Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is recognized as the most relevant initiator of protective Th2 responses in intestinal helminth infections. It is well known that IL-25 induces resistance against several species of intestinal helminths, including the trematode Echinostoma caproni. Echinostoma caproni has been extensively used as an experimental model to study the factors determining the resistance to intestinal infections. Herein, we assessed the role of IL-25 in the generation of resistance in mice to E. caproni infections. Methods: To this purpose, we analyze the fatros that determine the production of IL-25 in mice experimentally infected with E. caproni and its consequences in the polarization of the immune response and the resistance to infection.Results: We have determined that the role of IL-25 in the polarization of the immune response differs between the primary and secondary response. IL-25 is required for the development of a Th2 phenotype in primary E. caproni infections but could also promote the differentiation to Th2 memory cell subsets that enhances type 2 responses in memory responses. However, development of Th2 responses does not induce resistance to infection. Th2 phenotype does not elicit resistance and IL-25 is responsible for the resistance regardless of the type 2 cytokine activity and STAT6 activation. Alternative activation of macrophages induced by IL-25 could be implicated in the resistance to infection. Conclusions: In contrast to primary infection, secondary infection elicits a type 2 response, even in the absence of IL-25 expression. Despite the development of a type 2 response, mice are susceptible to secondary infection in relation to the lack of IL-25. Resistance to infection is due to IL-25, which acts autonomously from Th2 response in the parasite clearance.

scholarly journals Comparison of the thick smear and Kato-Katz techniques for diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Luciano Neves Santos ◽  
Elúzio José Lima Cerqueira ◽  
Neci Matos Soares
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Thick Smear

This study compared the efficiency of Kato-Katz thick smear and thick smear techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal helminths. The sensitivity of the thick smear technique was higher than that of the Kato-Katz method for the diagnosis of all helminths except Schistosoma mansoni.

scholarly journals Parasite Proximity Drives the Expansion of Regulatory T Cells in Peyer's Patches following Intestinal Helminth Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 3657-3665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Mosconi ◽  
Lalit Kumar Dubey ◽  
Beatrice Volpe ◽  
Julia Esser-von Bieren ◽  
Mario M. Zaiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Content Type

Helminth infections are typically chronic in nature; however, the exact molecular mechanisms by which these parasites promote or thwart host immunity remain unclear. Worm expulsion requires the differentiation of CD4+T cells into Th2 cells, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) act to dampen the extent of the Th2 response. Priming of T cells requires drainage or capture of antigens within lymphoid tissues, and in the case of intestinal helminths, such sites include the mucosa-associated Peyer's patches (PPs) and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). To gain insight into when and where the activation of the adaptive T cell response takes place following intestinal helminth infection, we analyzed Th2 and Treg responses in the PPs and MLN following infection with the murine intestinal helminthHeligmosomoides polygyrusbakeri. Protective Th2 responses were observed to be largely restricted to the MLN, while a greater expansion of Tregs occurred within the PPs. Interestingly, those PPs that formed a contact with the parasite showed the greatest degree of Treg expansion and no evidence of type 2 cytokine production, indicating that the parasite may secrete products that act in a local manner to selectively promote Treg expansion. This view was supported by the finding thatH. polygyrusbakerilarvae could promote Treg proliferationin vitro. Taken together, these data indicate that different degrees of Treg expansion and type 2 cytokine production occur within the PPs and MLN following infection with the intestinal helminthH. polygyrusbakeriand indicate that these organs exhibit differential responses following infection with intestinal helminths.

scholarly journals The Role of the Intestinal Epithelium in the “Weep and Sweep” Response during Gastro—Intestinal Helminth Infections

Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Piotr Bąska ◽  
Luke James Norbury
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Microfold Cells

Helminths are metazoan parasites infecting around 1.5 billion people all over the world. During coevolution with hosts, worms have developed numerous ways to trick and evade the host immune response, and because of their size, they cannot be internalized and killed by immune cells in the same way as bacteria or viruses. During infection, a substantial Th2 component to the immune response is evoked which helps restrain Th1-mediated tissue damage. Although an enhanced Th2 response is often not enough to kill the parasite and terminate an infection in itself, when tightly coordinated with the nervous, endocrine, and motor systems it can dislodge parasites from tissues and expel them from the gut. A significant role in this “weep and seep” response is attributed to intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). This review highlights the role of various IEC lineages (enterocytes, tuft cells, Paneth cells, microfold cells, goblet cells, and intestine stem cells) during the course of helminth infections and summarizes their roles in regulating gut architecture and permeability, and muscle contractions and interactions with the immune and nervous system.

scholarly journals Impact of intestinal helminths on the risks of gastrointestinal haemorrhage and iron deficiency among haemophilia patients in northern Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umma A. Ibrahim ◽  
Sagir G. Ahmed ◽  
Modu B. Kagu ◽  
Usman A. Abjah
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

Abstract We predicted that haemophilia would create a prohaemorrhagic host-parasite relationship, which would make haemophiliacs very vulnerable to haemorrhagic effects of intestinal helminths in tropical countries like Nigeria. If our prediction is correct, the frequency and risks of gastrointestinal haemorrhage and iron deficiency will be higher among haemophiliacs infected by helminths in comparison with uninfected haemophiliacs. Frequency of gastrointestinal haemorrhages and iron deficiency among haemophiliacs with and without intestinal helminth infections were retrospectively obtained and analysed, and their relative risk determined by regression analysis. Haemophiliacs with intestinal helminths had significantly higher frequencies of gastrointestinal haemorrhage (73.3% vs. 18.5%, p<0.05) and iron deficiency (60% vs. 22.2%, p<0.05) in comparison with haemophiliacs without intestinal helminths. Haemophiliacs with intestinal helminths had significantly elevated relative risks (RR) of gastrointestinal haemorrhage (RR=3.4, CI95%: 2.4- 4.3, p=0.007) and iron deficiency (RR=2.5, CI95%: 1.7-3.3, p=0.009). These results showed that helminth infections were associated with increased risks of gastrointestinal haemorrhage and iron deficiency in haemophiliacs. This is thought to be due to a pro-haemorrhagic host-parasite relationship resulting from host haemostatic abnormality, coupled with the concurrent manipulation of the host haemostatic system by anticoagulants produced by some of the parasites. Haemophiliacs in tropical countries should be regularly screened and treated for intestinal helminths.

Role Of The Type 2 Alveolar Epithelial Cells In An Experimental Model Of Acute Lung Injury

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Garcia-Hernandez ◽  
Ricardo Gutierrez ◽  
Lucio Diaz-Flores ◽  
Jesus Villar ◽  
Francisco Valladares
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial Cells ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial

scholarly journals Prevalence and Intensity of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Preschool Pupils in Lugari Subcounty, Kakamega County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Daniel Kevin Werunga ◽  
Elizabeth Nanjala Omukunda ◽  
Jackson Cheruiyot Korir
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale

Intestinal helminths cause anaemia, malnutrition, indigestion disorders, retarded growth, and low mental abilities in pupils. About 1.5 billion are infected globally. Intestinal helminth infections are caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, Enterobius vermicularis, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus. Lugari Subcounty has poor sanitation and inadequate clean water. This study determined the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections in preschool pupils in Lugari Subcounty. A stratified multistage cluster experimental design was used. Sampling was carried out in four wards: Lumakanda, Lugari, Luandeti, and Chekalini. Preschool pupils of either gender were selected randomly. Written consents and verbal assent were obtained from parents or guardians and preschool pupils, respectively. Questionnaires were administered in order to collect sociodemographic data. Stool samples were collected and tested for the presence of eggs using the standard Kato-Katz technique. Prevalence rate and prevalence ratio were calculated as the percentage of infected preschool pupils among the total number of preschool pupils examined. Preschool pupils positive with helminths were treated freely, and a follow-up screening was conducted three months after treatment. Approval of the study was sought from the Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Institutional Ethical Review Board (MMUST IRB). The overall prevalence of intestinal helminths was 12.3%. Only one species, Ascaris lumbricoides, was identified. Statistical tests were carried out at a 5% significance level ( p < 0.05 , confidence interval (CI) 95%). There was a statistically significant association for prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminths versus factors like school location, knowledge of washing hands before eating, and awareness of washing hands after visiting a toilet. Although this study revealed a low prevalence and light intensity, some factors had significant effects on intestinal helminth infections among the preschool children. Therefore, there is a need to intensify efforts for their intestinal helminth control.

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