Penyuluhan mengenai bahaya "Kecacingan" di TPA Al Ikhlas Polri, Jatisampurna, Bekasi

Worms infection disease is a health problem often found in the world and Indonesia. Worms’ infection disease commonly found in Indonesia and which infected children are caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris Trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis. One of the children affected by worms is often playing with the ground because of the habit. Al Ikhlas School’s Polri in Jatisampurna Bekasi consists of pre-primary and elementary schools that have never received counseling about the dangers of worms’ infection. This activity aims to educate children about the dangers of worms’ infection. The method used is through filling out questionnaires, counseling, media posters, and handwashing demonstrations. The activity was attended by 21 with 81% had experienced worms’ infection disease and 19% had never have experienced worms’ disease, and 85,71 % understood about knowledge of worms’ infection disease and 14,29 did not understand. The counseling provided included egg and adult worms, the cause of worms’ disease infection, how to get infections, the danger of infection, and prevent infection.

Identifikasi IDENTIFIKASI TELUR NEMATODA USUS SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH PADA FESES DAN KOTORAN KUKU PETANI SAWAH DI DESA MUNGGUR KECAMATAN MANYARAN WONOGIRI

Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) merupakan nematoda usus penyebab infeksi kecacingan yang ditularkan melalui tanah untuk perkembangan menjadi bentuk infektif. Spesies yang termasuk nematoda usus golongan STH yaitu Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus dan Strongyloides stercoralis. Manusia dapat terinfeksi apabila tidak sengaja menelan telur cacing atau melalui penetrasi kulit akibat kontak langsung dengan tanah tanpa APD. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persentase petani sawah di Desa Munggur Kecamatan Manyaran Wonogiri yang terinfeksi nematoda usus STH. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode jenis observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pemeriksaan pada sampel feses menggunakan metode langsung dengan larutan NaCl 0,9% dan larutan lugol 1-2%, sedangkan sampel kuku menggunakan metode sedimentasi dengan larutan NaOH 0,25% ditambah larutan lugol 1-2%. Hasil pemeriksaan pada sampel feses ditemukan adanya telur nematoda usus STH, sedangkan pada kotoran kuku tidak ditemukan adanya telur nematoda usus STH. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah adanya telur nematoda usus STH pada sampel feses nomor 12,13 dengan ditemukannya telur Hookworm. Persentase hasil pemeriksaan pada sampel feses dinyatakan positif sebesar 10% dan sampel feses negatif dinyatakan negatif sebesar 90% sedangkan sampel kotoran kuku dinyatakan positif 0% dan sampel negatif dinyatakan 100%. Kata kunci : Soil Transmitted Helminth, feses, kotoran kuku.

IDENTIFIKASI NEMATODA USUS GOLONGAN STH (Soil Transmitted Helimnth) MENGGUNAKAN EKSTRAK DAUN JATI (Tectona grandis)

Indonesia merupakan salah satu Negara dengan kasus kecacingan yang cukup tinggi. Kasus kecacingan ini disebabkan oleh infeksi cacing usus yang proses menularnya melalui perantara tanah (Soil Transmitted helmint). Penyakit kecacingan banyak ditemukan di daerah dengan kelembaban tinggi terutama pada kelompok masyarakat dengan kebersihan diri dan keadaan lingkungan yang kurang baik. Cacing yang merupakan penyebab dari infeksi adalah Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura dan cacing tambang. Infeksi cacing ini mengakibatkan beberapa masalah yakni gangguan pencernaan, penyerapan serta metabolisme makanan sehingga protein, karbohidrat, lemak, vitamin dan darah dapat hilang dalam jumlah yang banyak. Eosin 2% merupakan pewarna yang selama ini digunakan dalam pewarnaan telur cacing nematode usus. Daun jati (Tectona grandis) merupakan tanaman yang memberikan warna alami karena mengandung.pigmen Antosianin. Antosianin mampu memberikan warna merah, biru, orange atau ungu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah yaitu untuk mengetahui gambaran cacing STH (Soil Transmitted Helminth) menggunakan ekstrak daun jati (Tectona.grandis). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dekskriptif dengan pemeriksaan cacing menggunakan metode sedimentasi yang dilakukan dengan pewarna ekstrak daun jati dengan pelarut ethanol dan esoin 2% sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa ekstrak daun jati konsentrasi 60% lebih baik dan mampu dijadikan sebagai pewarna pengganti eosin. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun jati dapat digunakan sebagai pewarna alami dalam pemeriksaan telur cacing. Kata Kunci: Daun jati, Eosin, Soil Transmitted Helminth, Telur cacing

Failure of Repeated MDA with Albendazole for Trichuriasis Control in Schoolchildren of the Yangon Region, Myanmar

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still a considerable challenge in Myanmar. We undertook a control program for STH infections (especially Trichuris trichiura) among schoolchildren in Myanmar using mass drug administration (MDA) and health education. Around 1,700 schoolchildren from 15 primary schools in 3 suburban districts (Shwe Pyi Thar, Twantay, and Kyauktan) of the Yangon Region were subjected in this study during 2017-2019. All of the schoolchildren in each school were orally administered albendazole (400 mg in a single dose) 2, 3, and 4 times a year in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The results revealed that the egg positive rate of any intestinal helminths (including STH) was reduced from 37.6% (649/1,724) in 2017 to 22.8% (352/1,542) in 2019. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was decreased remarkably from 23.3% (402/1,724) in 2017 to 3.6% (56/1,542) in 2019. However, that of T. trichiura was only slightly reduced from 26.9% (464/1,724) in 2017 to 20.2% (312/1,542) in 2019. The intensity of infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was both more or less reduced, and the proportion of light infection cases with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura increased from 35.6% in 2017 to 64.3% in 2019 and from 70.3% in 2017 to 81.7% in 2019, respectively. The results indicated that repeated MDAs (2-4 times a year for 3 years) using albendazole on schoolchildren in Myanmar failed to control T. trichiura infection. For a successful control of trichuriasis in Myanmar, new MDA strategies, using a modified albendazole regimen (multiple daily doses for 2 or 3 days) or an alternative anthelmintic drug, such as oxantel pamoate, is strongly recommended.

PREVALÊNCIA DE PARASITOSES INTESTINAIS NA REGIÃO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

Introdução: As parasitoses intestinais têm relevância pela elevada morbidade. Estão associadas a quadros de diarreia crônica e desnutrição, sendo um dos principais fatores debilitantes da população, particularmente de crianças e adolescentes. Consideradas doenças negligenciadas, são bons indicadores do status socioeconômico de uma comunidade. Os principais enteroparasitos são os helmintos e os protozoários, possuem causas multifatoriais, e no Brasil a distribuição varia entre as regiões, com destaque para a Região Nordeste. Objetivos: Realizar levantamento bibliográfico referente à prevalência de parasitoses intestinais na região Nordeste do Brasil. Material e métodos: O estudo consiste em uma revisão bibliográfica, que visa contribuir e explicitar teoricamente sobre o assunto. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada entre junho e dezembro de 2014 e incluíram artigos originais, artigos de revisão, dissertações e artigos eletrônicos expostos nos bases de dados LILACS e PUBMED. No direcionamento da pesquisa, foram utilizados seis descritores: parasitoses intestinais; enteroparasitoses; helmintíases; prevalência; parasitismo; e enteropatias parasitárias, pesquisados isoladamente ou associados entre si e seus respectivos em inglês, localizando no total 20 estudos relacionados com a temática em foco. Resultados: A análise dos dados demonstrou maior prevalência de positividade em estudos feitos em áreas de vulnerabilidade, principalmente em grupos de crianças, ribeirinhos e indígenas. O déficit significativo de saneamento básico e as precárias condições de vidas em áreas rurais e suburbanas evidenciaram altas prevalências de parasitoses intestinais, afetando principalmente as faixas etárias mais jovens da população. Foi encontrada elevada prevalência de helmintíases intestinais (36,5%-75%) em cidades nordestinas, com predomínio de Ascaris lumbricoides (6,93%-58,84%). Quanto aos protozoários patogênicos, destaque para elevada prevalência de Giardia lambia (48%). Conclusão: A região nordeste ainda enfrenta dificuldades para o controle das parasitoses intestinais. A elevada prevalência de enteroparasitose nessa região aponta para a necessidade da desparasitação, melhoria das condições de saneamento básico e realização de programas visando interromper a cadeia epidemiológica de transmissão dessas doenças.

PERBANDINGAN PEMERIKSAAN TINJA METODE SEDIMENTASI DENGAN METODE NATIF DALAM MENDETEKSI SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH

Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) is the most common intestinal parasific infection and in one of the contributors to the global disease burden. Diagnosis of Soil Transmitted Helminth desease can be done using sedimentation method and natif method. This study aims to find out the differences in sedimentation methods and natif methods in deteting Soil Transmitted Helminth Type of research conducted ind true experimental form. This research was conducted on March 27-29, 2021 at the Microbiology Laboratory of Muhammadiyah Institute of Health and Technology Palembang which numbered 35 respondents. The results obtained in this study were as many as 2 positive samples and 33 negative samples. In sample 1 there are 2 types of eggs Soil Transmitted Helminth namely eggs Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura on sedimentation method and natif method, while in sample 5 there are eggs Ascaris lumbricoides only on the natif method. The results of the research data were conduted using an alternative test Wilcoxon with a value of P = 0.317 means there is no difference that signifikan.the conclusion of this study was obtained by the examination that there is no difference in sedimentation with natiif method.

TAXA DE MORTALIDADE DA ASCARIDÍASE EM CRIANÇAS DE 0 A 4 NO BRASIL, 2010-2019: UMA ANÁLISE DE SÉRIE TEMPORAL

Introdução: A Ascaridíase é uma parasitose de elevada incidência no Brasil, causada pelo helminto Ascaris lumbricoides. Essa patologia é encontrada especialmente em áreas rurais ou sem saneamento básico, sendo a população infantil a mais vulnerável, visto que a transmissão é predominante fecal-oral. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa visa contextualizar a Ascaridíase no Brasil através de uma análise de série temporal da sua taxa de mortalidade em crianças de 0 a 4 anos, entre 2010 e 2019. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de análise temporal com caráter ecológico. Os dados foram retirados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Foram utilizados o número de nascidos vivos, obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), e o número de óbitos de crianças de 0 a 4 anos por Ascaridíase, colhidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM), entre 2010 a 2019. Para calcular a taxa de mortalidade do país, aplicou-se a fórmula: (óbitos ÷ nascidos vivos) x 100.000, respectivamente para cada ano do intervalo analisado. O Software utilizado para análise dos dados foi o Stata 14.0, com o qual realizou-se a Regressão de Prais-Winten. Assim, obteve-se a taxa de incremento anual, admitida com significância se p-valor < 0,05. Resultado: A partir da análise foi observado que 2010 expressou o maior número de óbitos por Ascaridíase em crianças de 0 a 4 anos no período estudado, com 21 casos e taxa de 0,73 óbitos por 100.000 nascidos vivos. Em 2018 encontrou-se 2 óbitos (0,07/100.000), correspondendo ao ano de menor expressão. Na análise de regressão linear foi observado p-valor significativo, com taxa de mortalidade por Ascaridíase de crianças de 0 a 4 anos, entre 2010 a 2019, demonstraram tendência decrescente, com taxa de variação anual negativa de 15,8% (p-valor: 0,003). Conclusão: Frente ao exposto, esta pesquisa concluiu que a taxa de mortalidade de crianças de 0 a 4 anos por Ascaridíase no Brasil apresentou tendência decrescente, comportamento que pode estar associado ao maior acesso da população a um saneamento básico de qualidade. Sendo assim, ressalta-se a necessidade de aumentar o acesso ao saneamento básico no país, principalmente nas áreas endêmicas como o Nordeste.

Parasite-Induced Th2 Polarization—An Unusual Cause of Paediatric Hepatic Abscess

Liver abscess (LA) is a serious infectious disease, but is relatively rare in the paediatric population, especially in developed countries. Mostly, hepatic abscesses are pyogenic, caused by Staphylococcus aureus, while in extremely rare cases can be caused by parasites, such as Ascaris lumbricoides. Antimicrobial therapy and percutaneous drainage are the treatments of choice, lowering the mortality caused by this infection. We report a case of a 3-year-old girl admitted to the hospital for abdominal pain and a low-grade fever, with abdominal ultrasonography revealing a hepatic lesion. Initial laboratory tests showed moderate anaemia, thrombocytosis, eosinophilia, high inflammatory markers, and normal liver function. A computed tomography scan revealed two liver abscesses located subdiaphragmatically, and a high immunoglobulin E (IgE) value (22,300 U/mL). After excluding other possible etiologies, the patient was tested for parasitic infections. IgE for Ascaris lumbricoides came slightly higher. In addition to empirical antibiotic treatment, the patient received albendazole and made an uneventful recovery, with the full remission of the abscesses and without the need for drainage. In certain cases, parasites such as Ascaris lumbricoides are capable of inducing a T helper 2 (Th2) dominated immune response, predisposing the host to eosinophilia, hyperIgE, and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. Early diagnosis and treatment in these cases may lead to less invasive therapy options in order to obtain a full recovery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only reported case in the literature of a paediatric patient with parasite-induced liver abscesses, with extremely high IgE values, minimal symptomatology, that made a fast, full recovery without the need of drainage.

Bacteria and Parasites Pathogens Associated with the Houseflies (Musca domestica) in Lafia Metropolis of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Houseflies (Musa domestica) are common insects of the families muscidae, order Dipthera. They are synanthropic insects that are widely distributed worldwide. They enter several places, including contaminated premises due to their own biological habit of feeding. This study identifies the pathogenic parasites and bacteria associated with the houseflies in Lafia, Nigeria. A total of 215 flies were collected from 5 locations (New market, Neigbourhood market, Kasuwan Turmatur, Kasuwan Karo and Yanlemu market) within the Lafia metropolis, from September, 2019 to March 2020. The fly specimens were analyzed for the presence of pathogenic parasites and bacteria using standard laboratory procedures. The results showed that the parasites: Entamoeba hietolytic was most prevalence with (22.11%) Ascaris lumbricoides being (15.05%), Taenia species (14.70%) schistosoma mansoni (14.70%), Hookworm and Trichnris trichura recorded least prevalence accounting for (1.12%) respectively, pathogenic bacteria isolated and identify from the houseflies are; Staplyloccus sp (36.36%), Bacillus species (19.48%), Klebsiella sp (19.75%), Escherichia sp (6.49%), Protens sp (7.41%), Salmonella sp (6.49%) and Moraxella sp (2.47%). The result showed significant variation (P<0.05) for both the parasites sp abundance and housefly abundance across the sampled location; however, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) associated with the frequency of occurrence of bacteria species. It can be concluded that Musca domestica in Lafia harbor parasites and bacteria on their external and internal parts. The housefly have mechanical potential to transmit pathogens to man. Measures most be taken to control the fly population to avoid both present and future outbreaks of diseases condition emanating from the flies activities.