scholarly journals Continuous Reports of Sensed Hand Position During Sensorimotor Adaptation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Tsay ◽  
Darius E. Parvin ◽  
Richard B. Ivry
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
Fixed Angle ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Subjective Reports ◽  
Visual Perturbation

ABSTRACTSensorimotor learning entails multiple learning processes, some volitional and explicit, and others automatic and implicit. A new method to isolate implicit adaptation involves the use of a “clamped” visual perturbation in which, during a reaching movement, visual feedback is limited to a cursor that follows an invariant trajectory, offset from the target by a fixed angle. Despite full awareness that the cursor movement is not contingent on their behavior, as well as explicit instructions to ignore the cursor, systematic changes in motor behavior are observed, and these changes have the signatures of implicit adaptation observed in studies using classic visuomotor perturbations. While it is clear that the response to clamped feedback occurs automatically, it remains unknown if the adjustments in behavior remain outside the participant’s awareness. To address this question, we used the clamp method and directly probed awareness by asking participants to report their hand position after each reach. As expected, we observed robust deviations in hand angle away from the target (average of ∼18°). The hand reports also showed systematic deviations over the course of adaptation, initially attracted towards the visual feedback and then in the opposite direction, paralleling the shift in hand position. However, these effects were subtle (∼2° at asymptote), with the hand reports dominated by a feedforward signal associated with the motor intent yet modulated in a limited way by feedback sources. These results confirm that adaptation in response to a visual perturbation is not only automatic, but also largely implicit.NEWS AND NOTEWORTHYSensorimotor adaptation operates in an obligatory manner. Qualitatively, subjective reports obtained after adaptation demonstrate that, in many conditions, participants are unaware of significant changes in behavior. In the present study, we quantified participants’ awareness of adaptation by obtaining reports of hand position on a trial-by-trial basis. The results confirm that participants are largely unaware of adaptation, but also reveal the subtle influence of feedback on their subjective experience.

scholarly journals Continuous reports of sensed hand position during sensorimotor adaptation

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 1122-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Tsay ◽  
Darius E. Parvin ◽  
Richard B. Ivry
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Subjective Reports

Sensorimotor adaptation operates in an obligatory manner. Qualitatively, subjective reports obtained after adaptation demonstrate that, in many conditions, participants are unaware of significant changes in behavior. In the present study, we quantified participants’ sensitivity to these adaptive changes by obtaining reports of hand position on a trial-by-trial basis. The results confirm that participants are largely unaware of adaptation but also reveal the subtle influence of feedback on their subjective experience.

scholarly journals Individual differences in proprioception predict the extent of implicit sensorimotor adaptation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sanching Tsay ◽  
Hyosub E. Kim ◽  
Darius E. Parvin ◽  
Alissa R Stover ◽  
Richard B. Ivry
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Proprioceptive Feedback ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Reliable Correlation ◽  
Visual Perturbation

Recent studies have revealed an upper bound in motor adaptation, beyond which other learning systems may be recruited. The factors determining this upper bound are poorly understood. The multisensory integration hypothesis states that this limit arises from opposing responses to visual and proprioceptive feedback. As individuals adapt to a visual perturbation, they experience an increasing proprioceptive error in the opposite direction, and the upper bound is the point where these two error signals reach an equilibrium. Assuming that visual and proprioceptive feedback are weighted according to their variability, there should be a correlation between proprioceptive variability and the limits of adaptation. Alternatively, the proprioceptive realignment hypothesis states that the upper bound arises when the (visually biased) sensed hand position realigns with the expected sensed position (target). When a visuo-proprioceptive discrepancy is introduced, the sensed hand position is biased towards the visual cursor, and the adaptive system counteracts this discrepancy by driving the hand away from the target. This hypothesis predicts a correlation between the size of the proprioceptive shift and the upper bound of adaptation. We tested these two hypotheses by considering natural variation in proprioception and motor adaptation across individuals. We observed a modest, yet reliable correlation between the upper bound of adaptation with both proprioceptive measures (variability and shift). While these results do not favor one hypothesis over the other, they underscore the critical role of proprioception in sensorimotor adaptation, and moreover, motivate a novel perspective on how these proprioceptive constraints drive implicit changes in motor behavior.

scholarly journals Cerebellar anodal tDCS increases implicit visuomotor remapping when strategic re-aiming is suppressed

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ann Leow ◽  
Welber Marinovic ◽  
Stephan Riek ◽  
Timothy J Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Anodal Tdcs ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Target Presentation ◽  
Explicit Processes ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe cerebellum is known to be critically involved in sensorimotor adaptation. Changes in cerebellar function alter behaviour when compensating for sensorimotor perturbations, as shown by non-invasive stimulation of the cerebellum and studies involving patients with cerebellar degeneration. It is known, 24 however, that behavioural responses to sensorimotor perturbations reflect both explicit processes (such as volitional aiming to one side of a target to counteract a rotation of visual feedback) and implicit, error-driven updating of sensorimotor maps. The contribution of the cerebellum to these explicit and implicit processes remains unclear. Here, we examined the role of the cerebellum in sensorimotor adaptation to a 30° rotation of visual feedback of hand position during target-reaching, when the capacity to use explicit processes was manipulated by controlling movement preparation times. Explicit re-aiming was suppressed in one condition by requiring subjects to initiate their movements within 300ms of target presentation, and permitted in another condition by requiring subjects to wait approximately 1050ms after target presentation before movement initiation. Similar to previous work, applying anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; 1.5mA) to the right cerebellum during adaptation resulted in faster compensation for errors imposed by the rotation. After exposure to the rotation, we evaluated implicit remapping in no-feedback trials after providing participants with explicit knowledge that the rotation had been removed. Crucially, movements were more adapted in these no-feedback trials following cerebellar anodal tDCS than after sham stimulation in both long and short preparation groups. This suggests that cerebellar anodal tDCS increased implicit remapping during sensorimotor adaptation irrespective of preparation time constraints. This work shows that the cerebellum is critical in the formation of new visuomotor maps that correct perturbations in sensory feedback, both when explicit processes are suppressed and when allowed during sensorimotor adaptation.

Individual differences in proprioception predict the extent of implicit sensorimotor adaptation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Tsay ◽  
Hyosub E. Kim ◽  
Darius E. Parvin ◽  
Alissa R. Stover ◽  
Richard B. Ivry
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Proprioceptive Feedback ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Visual Perturbation

ABSTRACTRecent studies have revealed an upper bound in motor adaptation, beyond which other learning systems may be recruited. The factors determining this upper bound are poorly understood. The multisensory integration hypothesis states that this limit arises from opposing responses to visual and proprioceptive feedback. As individuals adapt to a visual perturbation, they experience an increasing proprioceptive error in the opposite direction, and the upper bound is the point where these two error signals reach an equilibrium. Assuming that visual and proprioceptive feedback are weighted according to their variability, there should be a correlation between proprioceptive variability and the limits of adaptation. Alternatively, the proprioceptive realignment hypothesis states that the upper bound arises when the (biased) sensed hand position realigns with the target. When a visuo-proprioceptive discrepancy is introduced, the sensed hand position is biased towards the visual cursor and the adaptive system nullifies this discrepancy by driving the hand away from the target. This hypothesis predicts a correlation between the size of the proprioceptive shift and the upper bound of adaptation. We tested these two hypotheses by considering natural variation in proprioception and motor adaptation across individuals. We observed a modest, yet reliable correlation between the upper bound of adaptation with both proprioceptive measures (variability and shift). While these results do not favor one hypothesis over the other, they underscore the critical role of proprioception in sensorimotor adaptation, and moreover, motivate a novel perspective on how these proprioceptive constraints drive implicit changes in motor behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhile the sensorimotor system uses sensory feedback to remain properly calibrated, this learning process is constrained, limited in the maximum degree of plasticity. The factors determining this limit remain elusive. Guided by two hypotheses concerning how visual and proprioceptive information are integrated, we show that individual differences in the upper bound of adaptation in response to a visual perturbation can be predicted by the bias and variability in proprioception. These results underscore the critical, but often neglected role of proprioception in human motor learning.

scholarly journals Learned rather than online relative weighting of visual-proprioceptive sensory cues

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 1981-1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mikula ◽  
Valérie Gaveau ◽  
Laure Pisella ◽  
Aarlenne Z. Khan ◽  
Gunnar Blohm
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Sensory Cues ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Neuronal Representation ◽  
Relative Weighting

When reaching to an object, information about the target location as well as the initial hand position is required to program the motor plan for the arm. The initial hand position can be determined by proprioceptive information as well as visual information, if available. Bayes-optimal integration posits that we utilize all information available, with greater weighting on the sense that is more reliable, thus generally weighting visual information more than the usually less reliable proprioceptive information. The criterion by which information is weighted has not been explicitly investigated; it has been assumed that the weights are based on task- and effector-dependent sensory reliability requiring an explicit neuronal representation of variability. However, the weights could also be determined implicitly through learned modality-specific integration weights and not on effector-dependent reliability. While the former hypothesis predicts different proprioceptive weights for left and right hands, e.g., due to different reliabilities of dominant vs. nondominant hand proprioception, we would expect the same integration weights if the latter hypothesis was true. We found that the proprioceptive weights for the left and right hands were extremely consistent regardless of differences in sensory variability for the two hands as measured in two separate complementary tasks. Thus we propose that proprioceptive weights during reaching are learned across both hands, with high interindividual range but independent of each hand’s specific proprioceptive variability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY How visual and proprioceptive information about the hand are integrated to plan a reaching movement is still debated. The goal of this study was to clarify how the weights assigned to vision and proprioception during multisensory integration are determined. We found evidence that the integration weights are modality specific rather than based on the sensory reliabilities of the effectors.

scholarly journals Complementary spatial and timing control in rhythmic arm movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 1543-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Nickl ◽  
M. Mert Ankarali ◽  
Noah J. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Haptic Feedback ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Timing Synchronization ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Spatial Error

Volitional rhythmic motor behaviors such as limb cycling and locomotion exhibit spatial and timing regularity. Such rhythmic movements are executed in the presence of exogenous visual and nonvisual cues, and previous studies have shown the pivotal role that vision plays in guiding spatial and temporal regulation. However, the influence of nonvisual information conveyed through auditory or touch sensory pathways, and its effect on control, remains poorly understood. To characterize the function of nonvisual feedback in rhythmic arm control, we designed a paddle juggling task in which volunteers bounced a ball off a rigid elastic surface to a target height in virtual reality by moving a physical handle with the right hand. Feedback was delivered at two key phases of movement: visual feedback at ball peaks only and simultaneous audio and haptic feedback at ball-paddle collisions. In contrast to previous work, we limited visual feedback to the minimum required for jugglers to assess spatial accuracy, and we independently perturbed the spatial dimensions and the timing of feedback. By separately perturbing this information, we evoked dissociable effects on spatial accuracy and timing, confirming that juggling, and potentially other rhythmic tasks, involves two complementary processes with distinct dynamics: spatial error correction and feedback timing synchronization. Moreover, we show evidence that audio and haptic feedback provide sufficient information for the brain to control the timing synchronization process by acting as a metronome-like cue that triggers hand movement. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vision contains rich information for control of rhythmic arm movements; less is known, however, about the role of nonvisual feedback (touch and sound). Using a virtual ball bouncing task allowing independent real-time manipulation of spatial location and timing of cues, we show their dissociable roles in regulating motor behavior. We confirm that visual feedback is used to correct spatial error and provide new evidence that nonvisual event cues act to reset the timing of arm movements.

Continuous versus Terminal Visual Feedback in Prism Aftereffects

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1295-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Martin Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Visible Target

Ss wore prisms as they reached for a visible target with one hand. When the reaching hand was viewed continuously, aftereffects were restricted to that hand. When the reaching hand was viewed only after each reaching movement had already been completed, aftereffects were obtained with both hands. These findings dispute the generality of assertions that the aftereffects of wearing prisms are exclusively a result of either changes in the sensed position of the prismatically viewed arm or changes in the judgment of the direction of the gaze. Rather, both appear to be possible mechanisms underlying the aftereffects, and their relative prominence depends strongly upon visual feedback conditions.

The role of visual feedback of hand position in the control of manual prehension

1999 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Connolly ◽  
M. A. Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Hand Position

A novel method for investigating the importance of visual feedback on somatosensation and bodily-self perception

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Mikkel Thøgersen ◽  
John Hansen ◽  
Herta Flor ◽  
Lars Arendt-Nielsen ◽  
Laura Petrini
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phantom Limb ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractAimsVisual feedback is hypothesized to play an important role in the phantom limb condition. In this study we attempt to create an illusory experimental model of phantom limb wherein this condition is simulated by removing the visual input from the upper limb in a group of intact participants. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of visual feedback on somatosensation, nociception and bodily-self perception.MethodsUsing a novel mixed reality (MR) system, the visual feedback of the left hand is removed in order to visually simulate a left hand amputation on 30 healthy participants (15 females). Using a within-subject design, three conditions are created: visual amputation condition (MR with no visual input); visual condition (MR with normal vision); and a baseline condition (no MR). Thermal detection and nociceptive thresholds using method of limits are measured. Proprioception of the visually amputated hand is investigated by probing the felt hand position on a proximal-distal axis from the body. Using a questionnaire the effects of the missing visual feedback on bodily self is assessed.ResultsThere was a clear drift in proprioception of the left hand in the proximal direction between the control and visual amputation condition (p <0.001). A decrease in cold detection was also significant between the control and visual amputation condition (p < 0.001). Finally, questions on perceptual experiences indicated that the observed proprioceptive retraction of the visually amputated hand was also felt by the participants.ConclusionsMissing visual feedback greatly influences the perception of the visually amputated arm underlining the importance of visual feedback. The observed proprioceptive retraction of the hand resembles the telescoping perceptions often reported by phantom limb patients. The novel method developed for this study, is a new tool to investigate the influence of visual feedback on the relationship of bodily-self and chronic pain.

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