scholarly journals Nudging the N170 forward with prior stimulation – Bridging the gap between N170 and recognition potential

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canhuang Luo ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Rufin VanRullen ◽  
Carl Michael Gaspar ◽  
Ye Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Measured Effect ◽  
The One ◽  
Gradual Transformation ◽  
Unique Signature

AbstractSome neural responses are classified by the stimulus conditions leading up to that response while other neural responses are also classified by the morphology of the responses themselves. However, morphology-based classification may not be appropriate if one can nudge a neural response into looking like another neural response. Morphology-based classification occurs with the N170 and RP (Recognition Potential), ERP components that are studied in separate literatures and yet share much in common in terms of functionality. In this study, we demonstrate a gradual transformation in the morphology of the N170 to the RP using a simple parametric manipulation of forward masks that is unlikely to cause a change in the underlying processing. Both the N170 and RP are N1 components, meaning that they are the first negative deflection of the evoked response. However, the RP is often measured with a forward mask that ends at stimulus onset whereas the N170 is often measured with no masking at all. This study investigates how ISI may delay and distort the N170 into an RP by manipulating the temporal gap (ISI) between forward mask and target. The results revealed reverse relationships between the ISI on the one hand, and the N170 latency, single-trial N1 jitter (an approximation of N1 width) and reaction time on the other hand. Importantly, we find that scalp topographies have a unique signature at the N1 peak across all conditions, from the longest gap (N170) to the shortest (RP). These findings prove that the mask-delayed N1 is still the same N170, even under conditions that are normally associated with a different component like the RP. In general, our results suggest that greater caution should be taken to interpret the time course of a measured effect when forward masks are employed.

Recovery from bleaching in photoreceptors promoted by biotin, pyruvate, and glucose

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (05) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.N. Leibovic ◽  
J. Bandarchi
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Response Amplitude ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Elevated Glucose ◽  
The One

AbstractIn the rods ofBufo marinusand other species, bleaching of the rhodopsin in isolated cells leads to a loss of sensitivity and response amplitude and to a shortened response duration. These changes are permanent for cells bathed in Ringer&s solution. They are due to as yet unknown modulations in the transduction biochemistry. In this paper, we report that these changes can be partly or completely reversed by supplying biotin, pyruvate, and elevated glucose to the rod. The time course of this reversal and the substances which promote it imply that these are metabolically mediated effects. Based on the reported action of biotin and pyruvate on the one hand and on the changes of the response waveforms on the other hand, we believe that the phenomena we observe involve the later steps of the transduction cycle.

Immunological realtionships during primary infection with Heligmosomides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): expulsion of adult worms from fast responder syngeneic and hybrid strains of mice

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. N. Wahid ◽  
M. Robinson ◽  
J. M Behnke
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Time Course ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Worm Expulsion ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
The One ◽  
Identical Gene

SUMMARYThe time-course of low and high intensity primary infections with Heligmosomoides polygyrus was monitored in SJL and SWR mice, both of which usually expel worms within 7 weeks of larval administration. Worm expulsion in these strains was not dependent on the intensity of infection, with low and high intensity worm burdens being lost within the same period of time. The ability to expel worms rapidly was inherited in a dominant manner in F1 offspring of SJL or SWR mice mated with C57Bl10 mice; the latter being a strain in which no loss of worms was evident within 10 weeks of infection. However, neither (SJL × C57Bl10)F1 nor (SWR × C57Bl10)F1 mice expelled worms as rapidly as the parental SJL and SWR strains. (SWR × B10G)F1 [H-2q] mice eliminated worms faster than (SWR × C57Bl10)F1 [H-2bq], suggesting that the b haplotype had a moderating influence on the expulsion process. In fact (SWR × B10G)F1 mice showed a significant reduction in worm burdens by week 4 but by weeks 6–8 the rate of worm loss had slowed considerably. In contrast, SJL and SWR mice, whilst initiating rejection slightly later, (after week 4) expelled all worms within the following 2 weeks. Thus two distinct patterns of response were observed among the fast responder strains as exemplified by SWR and SJL mice on the one hand and (SWR × B10G)F1 on the other. Our results support the hypothesis that the course of a primary infection with H. polygyrus is influenced by multiple host gene loci, some of which are encoded within the MHC. SJL and SWR mice probably have similar if not identical gene combinations at loci which determine a fast responder phenotype, distinguishing them from the other mouse strains which have been studied.

Changes in milk yield and composition at oestrus in dairy cows

1985 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ian Horrell ◽  
Keith L. Macmillan ◽  
Ron Kilgour ◽  
Kaye Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
The One

SUMMARYA New Zealand dairy herd of 73 cows was observed at pasture during the breeding season. Individual cow milk yields and composition analyses were obtained before, during and after oestrus. There was an overall reduction in yield at the first, and a rebound enhancement at the second milking after onset of oestrus. Changes in fat content followed the same time course and there was a slight increase in lactose content. Protein and somatic cell content were unaffected. There were considerable individual differences in both the duration and intensity of oestrous behaviour on the one hand, and the extent and timing of the effects on milk production on the other. However no relationship was found between the degree of behavioural excitement shown by a cow in oestrus and its change in milk production.

Pauline Eschatology in Hermeneutical Perspective

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-327
Author(s):  
William Baird
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Life After Death ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One ◽  
Gradual Transformation

The question of development in Paul's eschatology has long been debated. It is held, on the one hand, that his doctrine of the end underwent a gradual transformation: Paul's earlier works express belief in the imminent eschaton, and construe the future in terms of apocalyptic notions of the resurrection; his later writings are sensitive to the delay of the parousia and describe life after death in the language of Hellenistic anthropology. On the other hand, it is argued that Paul's eschatology has not undergone major modification: Paul never abandoned his conviction that the end was at hand nor his essentially Jewish understanding of the resurrection.

scholarly journals František Dvorník, Velehrad Unionism and Church Unity

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-240
Author(s):  
Pavel Ambros
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Career ◽  
Catholic Theology ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Church Unity ◽  
The One ◽  
Personal Formation ◽  
Gradual Transformation

This paper brings a so far neglected aspect of Francis Dvornik’s work to the fore, namely the influence of the Velehrad unionistic movement on the scientific and personal formation of Dvornik at the beginning of his scientific career on the one hand, which was on the other hand connected with the increasing Dvornik’s influence on the Velehrad unionistic movement. The reciprocal influence is documented on the gradual transformation of the period correlative unionism (on the background of the modernistic tension in the catholic theology) and by strengthening its protoecumenical tendencies towards the clear ecumenical program formulated by Dvornik himself.

Unit processes in the formation of representations in the memory of Octopus

1960 ◽  
Vol 153 (950) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Time Course ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Successive Feeding

An index of the changes in responsiveness of octopuses to moving figures can be obtained by studying a set of animals and recording the number of them that come out to attack on each occasion, and the delay. During the period of 1 to 2 h after feeding, untrained octopuses show an increased tendency to attack. This period of increased attacks corresponds to that for which food remains within the crop. However, such attacks do not result in the setting up in the memory of representations that promote later attacks. If food is given after showing a figure the tendency to attack is greatly increased. It remains at a high level for longer than when the food is given before showing, but ultimately declines. However, if the figure is presented again with food within 10 to 24 h the tendency to attack is raised still higher and declines more slowly. After a number of such presentations the animals come out regularly to attack the figure. The changes in tendency to respond after each showing of the figure with food thus provide an estimate of the time course of decay of the increased excitability in certain pathways in the nervous system. The half-life of the change after the first rewarded presentation is 1 to 2 h. Similarly it is possible to map the time course of the reduced tendency to attack that follows the giving of a shock after attack on a moving figure. This time depends on the extent to which the figure had previously been made ‘positive’ by association with food. By successive feeding and shocking the tendency to attack a given figure by a group of octopuses can thus be raised and lowered. The effects are partly general to all moving figures, but are greater for those that resemble the figure shown when the food (or shock) was administered. Using this effect animals can be trained without shocks to attack certain figures but not others, pathways ‘representing’ these figures having been specifically facilitated by feeding. In octopuses without vertical lobes the effects of food or shock in increasing or lowering the tendency to attack are similar to those in normal animals, but persist for a shorter tune. In these animals lasting representations ensuring or preventing attack are less readily set up. When food is given as reward for attacks at one figure, shocks for a different one, normal octopuses learn within a few trials to attack the one and avoid the other. In animals without vertical lobes the effect of food is to increase the tendency to attack both figures and the effect of shocks is to depress the attacks on both. With alternate trials the tendency to attack thus swings up and down, the animals responding according to the influence of the immediately previous stimulus. The effect of the vertical lobe is therefore to ensure persistence in the memory of appropriate distinct representations of the figures and the associated food or shock, so that there are ‘correct’ responses after a few trials.

scholarly journals A Simple Cardiovascular Model for the Study of Hemorrhagic Shock

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Luciano Curcio ◽  
Laura D’Orsi ◽  
Fabio Cibella ◽  
Linn Wagnert-Avraham ◽  
Dean Nachman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Time Course ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Cardiovascular Model ◽  
Satisfactory Model ◽  
Civilian Trauma ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
The One

Hemorrhagic shock is the number one cause of death on the battlefield and in civilian trauma as well. Mathematical modeling has been applied in this context for decades; however, the formulation of a satisfactory model that is both practical and effective has yet to be achieved. This paper introduces an upgraded version of the 2007 Zenker model for hemorrhagic shock termed the ZenCur model that allows for a better description of the time course of relevant observations. Our study provides a simple but realistic mathematical description of cardiovascular dynamics that may be useful in the assessment and prognosis of hemorrhagic shock. This model is capable of replicating the changes in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output after the onset of bleeding (as observed in four experimental laboratory animals) and achieves a reasonable compromise between an overly detailed depiction of relevant mechanisms, on the one hand, and model simplicity, on the other. The former would require considerable simulations and entail burdensome interpretations. From a clinical standpoint, the goals of the new model are to predict survival and optimize the timing of therapy, in both civilian and military scenarios.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

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