Co-opting propelling and perturbing appendages facilitates strenuous ground self-righting
AbstractTerrestrial animals must self-right when overturned on the ground. To do so, the discoid cockroach often pushes its wings against the ground to begin a somersault but rarely succeeds in completing it. As it repeatedly attempts this, it probabilistically rolls to the side to self-right. Here, we studied whether seemingly wasteful leg flailing in this process helps. Adding mass to increase hind leg flailing kinetic energy fluctuation increased the animal’s self-righting probability. We then developed a robot with similar, strenuous self-righting behavior and used it as a physical model for systematic experiments. As legs flailed more vigorously and wings opened more, self-righting became more probable. A potential energy landscape model revealed that, although wing opening did not generate sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the high pitch potential energy barrier, it reduced barriers for rolling, facilitating the small kinetic energy fluctuation from leg flailing to probabilistically overcome roll barriers to self-right.Impact statementWhen overturned terrestrial animals self-right on the ground, their seemingly wasteful yet ubiquitous flailing of appendages is crucial in providing kinetic energy fluctuation to probabilistically overcome potential energy barriers.