scholarly journals Direct and indirect cues can enable dual-adaptation, but through different learning processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Forano ◽  
Raphael Schween ◽  
Jordan A Taylor ◽  
Mathias Hegele ◽  
David W Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Adaptation Studies ◽  
Dual Adaptation ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Sensorimotor Transformations ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Indirect Cues ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Switching between motor tasks requires accurate adjustments for changes in dynamics (grasping a cup) or sensorimotor transformations (moving a computer mouse). Dual-adaptation studies have investigated how learning of context-dependent dynamics or transformations is enabled by sensory cues. However, certain cues, such as color, have shown mixed results. We propose that these mixed results may arise from two major classes of cues: "direct" cues, which are part of the dynamic state and "indirect" cues, which are not. We hypothesized that explicit strategies would primarily account for adaptation for an indirect color cue but would be limited to simple tasks while a direct visual separation cue would allow implicit adaptation regardless of task complexity. To test this idea, we investigated the relative contribution of implicit and explicit learning in relation to contextual cue type (colored or visually shifted workspace) and task complexity (one or eight targets) in a dual-adaptation task. We found that the visual workspace location cue enabled adaptation across conditions primarily through implicit adaptation. In contrast, we found that the color cue was largely ineffective for dual adaptation, except in a small subset of participants who appeared to use explicit strategies. Our study suggests that the previously inconclusive role of color cues in dual-adaptation may be explained by differential contribution of explicit strategies across conditions.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect cues can enable dual-adaptation, but through different learning processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Forano ◽  
Raphael Schween ◽  
Jordan A Taylor ◽  
Mathias Hegele ◽  
David W Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Adaptation Studies ◽  
Dual Adaptation ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Sensorimotor Transformations ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Indirect Cues ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Switching between motor tasks requires accurate adjustments for changes in dynamics (grasping a cup) or sensorimotor transformations (moving a computer mouse). Dual-adaptation studies have investigated how learning of context-dependent dynamics or transformations is enabled by sensory cues. However, certain cues, such as color, have shown mixed results. We propose that these mixed results may arise from two major classes of cues: "direct" cues, which are part of the dynamic state and "indirect" cues, which are not. We hypothesized that explicit strategies would primarily account for adaptation for an indirect color cue but would be limited to simple tasks while a direct visual separation cue would allow implicit adaptation regardless of task complexity. To test this idea, we investigated the relative contribution of implicit and explicit learning in relation to contextual cue type (colored or visually shifted workspace) and task complexity (one or eight targets) in a dual-adaptation task. We found that the visual workspace location cue enabled adaptation across conditions primarily through implicit adaptation. In contrast, we found that the color cue was largely ineffective for dual adaptation, except in a small subset of participants who appeared to use explicit strategies. Our study suggests that the previously inconclusive role of color cues in dual-adaptation may be explained by differential contribution of explicit strategies across conditions.

scholarly journals The sweet life: diet sugar concentration influences paracellular glucose absorption

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn R Napier ◽  
Cromwell Purchase ◽  
Todd J McWhorter ◽  
Susan W Nicolson ◽  
Patricia A Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Paracellular Permeability ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Rapid Absorption ◽  
Paracellular Absorption ◽  
Total Glucose

Small birds and bats face strong selection pressure to digest food rapidly in order to reduce digesta mass carried during flight. One mechanism is rapid absorption of a high proportion of glucose via the paracellular pathway (transfer between epithelial cells, not mediated by transporter proteins). Intestinal paracellular permeability to glucose was assessed for two nectarivorous passerines, the Australian New Holland honeyeater ( Phylidonyris novaehollandiae ) and African white-bellied sunbird ( Cinnyris talatala ) by measuring the bioavailability of radiolabelled, passively absorbed l -glucose. Bioavailability was high in both species and increased with diet sugar concentration (honeyeaters, 37 and 81% and sunbirds, 53 and 71% for 250 and 1000 mmol l −1 sucrose diets, respectively). We conclude that the relative contribution of paracellular to total glucose absorption increases with greater digesta retention time in the intestine, and paracellular absorption may also be modulated by factors such as intestinal lumen osmolality and interaction with mediated glucose uptake. The dynamic state of paracellular absorption should be taken into account in future studies.

Social Judgments of Digitally Manipulated Stuttered Speech: Cognitive Heuristics Drive Implicit and Explicit Bias

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 3443-3452
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Hayley S. Arnold ◽  
Ashley M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Explicit Bias ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Purpose People who stutter are susceptible to discrimination, stemming from negative stereotypes and social misattributions. There has been a recent push to evaluate the underlying explicit and implicit cognitive mechanisms associated with social judgments, moving away from only evaluating explicit social bias about people who stutter. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate how listeners change their implicit and explicit social (mis)attributions after hearing a people who stutter produce disfluent speech. Method The current project was an adaptation of the Byrd et al. (2017) study to evaluate listener implicit/explicit social judgments of stuttered speech across five categories (i.e., confidence, friendliness, intelligence, distractibility, and extroversion) before and after a stuttering self-disclosure. This was done by implementing a modified version of the Ferguson et al. (2019) computer mouse-tracking paradigm. Results Consistent with previous findings, participants made more explicit positive social judgments of confidence, friendliness, extroversion, and intelligence after a stuttering self-disclosure, but the distractedness category was resistant to change. Also consistent with previous findings, participants experienced a higher degree of cognitive competition (i.e., higher area under the curve) shortly after self-disclosure, which lessened over time. Conclusions Explicit and implicit biases exist, but self-disclosure significantly impacts the cognitive system of listeners. Specifically, self-disclosure may reduce explicit bias through experience and explicit belief updating, but when cognitive heuristics are strong, implicit bias may be slower to change.

scholarly journals Differential contributions of implicit and explicit learning mechanisms to various contextual cues in dual adaptation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0253948
Author(s):  
Maria N. Ayala ◽  
Denise Y. P. Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Dual Adaptation ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Learning

The ability to switch between different visuomotor maps accurately and efficiently is an invaluable feature to a flexible and adaptive human motor system. This can be examined in dual adaptation paradigms where the motor system is challenged to perform under randomly switching, opposing perturbations. Typically, dual adaptation doesn’t proceed unless each mapping is trained in association with a predictive cue. To investigate this, we first explored whether dual adaptation occurs under a variety of contextual cues including active follow-through movements, passive follow-through movements, active lead-in movements, and static visual cues. In the second experiment, we provided one group with a compensatory strategy about the perturbations (30° CW and 30° CCW rotations) and their relationships to each context (static visual cues). We found that active, but not passive, movement cues elicited dual adaptation. Expectedly, we didn’t find evidence for dual adaptation using static visual cues, but those in the Instruction group compensated by implementing aiming strategies. Then, across all experimental conditions, we explored the extent by which dual learning is supported by both implicit and explicit mechanisms, regardless of whether they elicited dual adaptation across all the various cues. To this end, following perturbed training, participants from all experiments were asked to either use or ignore the strategy as they reached without visual feedback. This Process Dissociation Procedure teased apart the implicit and explicit contributions to dual adaptation. Critically, we didn’t find evidence for implicit learning for those given instructions, suggesting that when explicit aiming strategies are implemented in dual adaptation, implicit mechanisms are likely not involved. Thus, by implementing conscious strategies, dual adaptation can be easily facilitated even in cases where learning would not occur otherwise.

scholarly journals Differential contributions of implicit and explicit learning mechanisms to various contextual cues in dual adaptation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nadine Ayala ◽  
Denise Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Dual Adaptation ◽  
Instruction Group ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Learning

The ability to switch between different tasks accurately and efficiently is an invaluable feature to a flexible and adaptive human motor system. This can be examined in dual adaptation paradigms where the motor system is challenged to perform under randomly switching, opposing perturbations. Typically, dual adaptation doesn’t proceed unless each mapping is trained in association with a predictive cue. To investigate this, we first explored whether dual adaptation occurs under a variety of contextual cues including active follow-through movements, passive follow-through movements, active three-part lead-in movements, and static visual cues. In a final intervention, we provided our Instructed group with a compensatory strategy about the perturbations (30° CW/CCW rotations) and their relationships to each context (static visual cues). This allowed us to explore the extent by which dual learning is supported by both implicit and explicit mechanisms, regardless of whether or not they elicited dual adaptation across all the various cues. To this end, following perturbed training, participants from all experiments were asked to either use or ignore the strategy as they reached without visual feedback. This Process Dissociation Procedure teased apart the implicit and explicit contributions to dual adaptation. We found that active movement cues, but not passive ones, elicited dual adaptation. Expectedly, static visual cues didn’t elicit dual adaptation, but those in the Instruction group compensated by implementing aiming strategies. Critically, we found no implicit contributions in this Instruction group, but an effect of instruction, suggesting that explicit aiming strategies inhibit implicit mechanisms in dual adaptation. Thus, by implementing conscious strategies, dual adaptation can be easily facilitated even in cases where learning would not occur otherwise.

Pinocytotic-Like Forms of Mitochondria From Rat Anterior Pituitary

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 146-147
Author(s):  
Burton B. Silver
Keyword(s):  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Surrounding Cell ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Cell Medium ◽  
Sectioned Tissue ◽  
State Of Activity

Sectioned tissue rarely indicates evidence of what is probably a highly dynamic state of activity in mitochondria which have been reported to undergo a variety of movements such as streaming, divisions and coalescence. Recently, mitochondria from the rat anterior pituitary have been fixed in a variety of configurations which suggest that conformational changes were occurring at the moment of fixation. Pinocytotic-like vacuoles which may be taking in or expelling materials from the surrounding cell medium, appear to be forming in some of the mitochondria. In some cases, pores extend into the matrix of the mitochondria. In other forms, the remains of what seems to be pinched off vacuoles are evident in the mitochondrial interior. Dense materials, resembling secretory droplets, appear at the junction of the pores and the cytoplasm. The droplets are similar to the secretory materials commonly identified in electron micrographs of the anterior pituitary.

Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
Laura M. Morett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Computer Mouse Tracking ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

Multidimensional Anxiety and Content-specificity Effects in Preferential Processing of Threat

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel G. Calvo ◽  
P. Avero ◽  
M. Dolores Castillo ◽  
Juan J. Miguel-Tobal
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Ego Threat ◽  
Phobic Anxiety ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Content Specificity ◽  
Specificity Effects

We examined the relative contribution of specific components of multidimensional anxiety to cognitive biases in the processing of threat-related information in three experiments. Attentional bias was assessed by the emotional Stroop word color-naming task, interpretative bias by an on-line inference processing task, and explicit memory bias by sensitivity (d') and response criterion (β) from word-recognition scores. Multiple regression analyses revealed, first, that phobic anxiety and evaluative anxiety predicted selective attention to physical- and ego-threat information, respectively; cognitive anxiety predicted selective attention to both types of threat. Second, phobic anxiety predicted inhibition of inferences related to physically threatening outcomes of ambiguous situations. And, third, evaluative anxiety predicted a response bias, rather than a genuine memory bias, in the reporting of presented and nonpresented ego-threat information. Other anxiety components, such as motor and physiological anxiety, or interpersonal and daily-routines anxiety made no specific contribution to any cognitive bias. Multidimensional anxiety measures are useful for detecting content-specificity effects in cognitive biases.

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