scholarly journals Cortical granularity shapes information flow to the amygdala and its striatal targets in nonhuman primate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Catherine McHale ◽  
Youngsun Teresa Cho ◽  
Julie Lynne Fudge
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Tract Tracing ◽  
Basal Nucleus ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Indirect Path ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Motivated Behaviors

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and insula, amygdala, and striatum form interconnected networks that drive motivated behaviors. We previously found a connectional trend in which granularity of the ventromedial and orbital PFC/insula predicted connections to the amygdala and also the scope of amygdalo-striatal efferents, including projections beyond the 'classic' ventral striatum. To further interrogate this triad and define the 'limbic (amygdala-recipient) striatum', we conducted tract tracing studies in two cohorts of primates to define the scope of cortico-amygdalo-striatal (indirect) and cortico-'limbic' striatal (direct) paths originating in the entire PFC and insula. With larger data sets and a quantitative approach, we found that the level of cortical granularity predicts the complexity and location of projections to both the amygdala and striatum. Remarkably, 'cortical-like' basal nucleus subdivisions also followed these rules in their projections to the striatum. In both 'direct' and 'indirect' paths to the 'limbic' striatum, agranular cortices formed a 'foundational', broad projection, and were joined by inputs from progressively more differentiated cortices. In amygdalo-striatal paths, the ventral basal nucleus was the 'foundational' input, with progressively more dorsal basal nucleus regions gradually adding inputs as the 'limbic striatum' extended caudally. Together, the 'indirect' and 'direct' paths follow consistent rules dictating projection strength and complexity to their targets. In the 'indirect' path, the agranular 'interoceptive' cortices consistently dominate amygdala inputs to the striatum. In contrast, 'direct' cortical inputs to the 'limbic' (amygdala-recipient) striatum create gradual shifts in connectivity fingerprints to provide clues to functional differences in the classic versus caudal ventral 'limbic' striatum.

Pathology, Phenomenology and the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Schizophrenic Symptom ◽  
Dopamine Hypothesis ◽  
Dopamine Innervation

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia implies that positive schizophrenic symptoms should be understandable by reference to brain structures receiving a dopamine innervation, or in terms of the functional role of dopamine itself. The basal ganglia, ventral striatum, septo-hippocampal system, and prefrontal cortex, sites of mesotelencephalic dopamine innervation, are examined and it is argued that their dysfunction could form the basis of particular schizophrenic symptom classes. The postulated involvement of dopamine in reinforcement processes might further assist such interpretations. This type of analysis can be extended to other categories of schizophrenic psychopathology.

scholarly journals Inferring information flow in spike-train data sets using a trial-shuffle method

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. e0206977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. Walker ◽  
Katherine A. Newhall
Keyword(s):  
Spike Train ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Spike Train Data

scholarly journals Working memory gates visual input to primate prefrontal neurons

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behrad Noudoost ◽  
Kelsey Lynne Clark ◽  
Tirin Moore
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Visual Neurons ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Behaving Monkeys ◽  
Visual Cortical

Visually guided behavior relies on the integration of sensory input and information held in working memory (WM). Yet it remains unclear how this is accomplished at the level of neural circuits. We studied the direct visual cortical inputs to neurons within a visuomotor area of prefrontal cortex in behaving monkeys. We show that the efficacy of visual input to prefrontal cortex is gated by information held in WM. Surprisingly, visual input to prefrontal neurons was found to target those with both visual and motor properties, rather than preferentially targeting other visual neurons. Furthermore, activity evoked from visual cortex was larger in magnitude, more synchronous, and more rapid, when monkeys remembered locations that matched the location of visual input. These results indicate that WM directly influences the circuitry that transforms visual input into visually guided behavior.

scholarly journals Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Localization on Distinct Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons Within the ACC and LPFC of the Rhesus Monkey

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Tsolias ◽  
Maria Medalla
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Receptor Localization ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Almost All

Acetylcholine (ACh) can act on pre- and post-synaptic muscarinic receptors (mAChR) in the cortex to influence a myriad of cognitive processes. Two functionally-distinct regions of the prefrontal cortex—the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—are differentially innervated by ascending cholinergic pathways yet, the nature and organization of prefrontal-cholinergic circuitry in primates are not well understood. Using multi-channel immunohistochemical labeling and high-resolution microscopy, we found regional and laminar differences in the subcellular localization and the densities of excitatory and inhibitory subpopulations expressing m1 and m2 muscarinic receptors, the two predominant cortical mAChR subtypes, in the supragranular layers of LPFC and ACC in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The subset of m1+/m2+ expressing SMI-32+ pyramidal neurons labeled in layer 3 (L3) was denser in LPFC than in ACC, while m1+/m2+ SMI-32+ neurons co-expressing the calcium-binding protein, calbindin (CB) was greater in ACC. Further, we found between-area differences in laminar m1+ dendritic expression, and m2+ presynaptic localization on cortico-cortical (VGLUT1+) and sub-cortical inputs (VGLUT2+), suggesting differential cholinergic modulation of top-down vs. bottom-up inputs in the two areas. While almost all inhibitory interneurons—identified by their expression of parvalbumin (PV+), CB+, and calretinin (CR+)—expressed m1+, the localization of m2+ differed by subtype and area. The ACC exhibited a greater proportion of m2+ inhibitory neurons compared to the LPFC and had a greater density of presynaptic m2+ localized on inhibitory (VGAT+) inputs targeting proximal somatodendritic compartments and axon initial segments of L3 pyramidal neurons. These data suggest a greater capacity for m2+-mediated cholinergic suppression of inhibition in the ACC compared to the LPFC. The anatomical localization of muscarinic receptors on ACC and LPFC micro-circuits shown here contributes to our understanding of diverse cholinergic neuromodulation of functionally-distinct prefrontal areas involved in goal-directed behavior, and how these interactions maybe disrupted in neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions.

Neural circuits engaged in ventral hippocampal modulation of dopamine function in medial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum

2008 ◽  
Vol 213 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornnarin Taepavarapruk ◽  
John G. Howland ◽  
Soyon Ahn ◽  
Anthony G. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Neural Circuits

Influence and Information Flow in Online Social Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 502-520
Author(s):  
Afrand Agah ◽  
Mehran Asadi
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Divide And Conquer Algorithm ◽  
Flow Of Information

This article introduces a new method to discover the role of influential people in online social networks and presents an algorithm that recognizes influential users to reach a target in the network, in order to provide a strategic advantage for organizations to direct the scope of their digital marketing strategies. Social links among friends play an important role in dictating their behavior in online social networks, these social links determine the flow of information in form of wall posts via shares, likes, re-tweets, mentions, etc., which determines the influence of a node. This article initially identities the correlated nodes in large data sets using customized divide-and-conquer algorithm and then measures the influence of each of these nodes using a linear function. Furthermore, the empirical results show that users who have the highest influence are those whose total number of friends are closer to the total number of friends of each node divided by the total number of nodes in the network.

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