scholarly journals RNA virome diversity and Wolbachia infection in individual Drosophila simulans flies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayda Susana Ortiz-Baez ◽  
Mang Shi ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Edward C Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Wolbachia Infection ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Operational Model ◽  
Complete Resistance ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Appreciable Variation

The endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia is associated with multiple mutualistic effects on insect biology, including nutritional and antiviral properties. Wolbachia naturally occurs in Drosophila fly species, providing an operational model host to study how virome composition may be impacted by its presence. Drosophila simulans populations can carry a variety of Wolbachia strains. In particular, the wAu strain of Wolbachia has been associated with strong antiviral protection under experimental conditions. We used D. simulans sampled from the Perth Hills, Western Australia, to investigate the potential virus protective effect of the wAu strain on individual wild-caught flies. Our data revealed no appreciable variation in virus composition and abundance between Wolbachia infected/uninfected individuals associated with the presence/absence of wAu. However, it remains unclear whether wAu might impact viral infection and host survival by increasing tolerance rather than inducing complete resistance. These data also provide new insights into the natural virome diversity of D. simulans. Despite the small number of individuals sampled, we identified a repertoire of RNA viruses, including Nora virus, Galbut virus, Chaq virus, Thika virus and La Jolla virus, that have been identified in other Drosophila species. In addition, we identified five novel viruses from the families Reoviridae, Tombusviridae, Mitoviridae and Bunyaviridae. Overall, this study highlights the complex interaction between Wolbachia and RNA virus infections and provides a baseline description of the natural virome of D. simulans.

scholarly journals RNA virome diversity and Wolbachia infection in individual Drosophila simulans flies

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayda Susana Ortiz-Baez ◽  
Mang Shi ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Edward C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Wolbachia Infection ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Operational Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The endosymbiont bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are associated with multiple mutualistic effects on insect biology, including nutritional and antiviral properties. Members of the genus Wolbachia naturally occur in fly species of the genus Drosophila, providing an operational model host for studying how virome composition may be affected by its presence. Drosophila simulans populations can carry a variety of strains of members of the genus Wolbachia , with the wAu strain associated with strong antiviral protection under experimental conditions. We used D. simulans sampled from the Perth Hills, Western Australia, to investigate the potential virus protective effect of the wAu strain of Wolbachia on individual wild-caught flies. Our data revealed no appreciable variation in virus composition and abundance between individuals infected or uninfected with Wolbachia associated with the presence or absence of wAu. However, it remains unclear whether wAu might affect viral infection and host survival by increasing tolerance rather than inducing complete resistance. These data also provide new insights into the natural virome diversity of D. simulans. Despite the small number of individuals sampled, we identified a repertoire of RNA viruses, including nora virus, galbut virus, thika virus and La Jolla virus, that have been identified in other species of the genus Drosophila. Chaq virus-like sequences associated with galbut virus were also detected. In addition, we identified five novel viruses from the families Reoviridae, Tombusviridae, Mitoviridae and Bunyaviridae. Overall, this study highlights the complex interaction between Wolbachia and RNA virus infections and provides a baseline description of the natural virome of D. simulans.

scholarly journals Potential Benefits of Sequential Inhibitor-Mutagen Treatments of RNA Virus Infections

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. e1000658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Perales ◽  
Rubén Agudo ◽  
Hector Tejero ◽  
Susanna C. Manrubia ◽  
Esteban Domingo
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Potential Benefits

scholarly journals Liposomal Systems as Nanocarriers for the Antiviral Agent Ivermectin

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romina Croci ◽  
Elisabetta Bottaro ◽  
Kitti Wing Ki Chan ◽  
Satoru Watanabe ◽  
Margherita Pezzullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
High Cytotoxicity

RNA virus infections can lead to the onset of severe diseases such as fever with haemorrhage, multiorgan failure, and mortality. The emergence and reemergence of RNA viruses continue to pose a significant public health threat worldwide with particular attention to the increasing incidence of flaviviruses, among others Dengue, West Nile Virus, and Yellow Fever viruses. Development of new and potent antivirals is thus urgently needed. Ivermectin, an already known antihelminthic drug, has shown potent effectsin vitroonFlavivirushelicase, with EC50values in the subnanomolar range for Yellow Fever and submicromolar EC50for Dengue Fever, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. However ivermectin is hampered in its application by pharmacokinetic problems (little solubility and high cytotoxicity). To overcome such problems we engineered different compositions of liposomes as ivermectin carriers characterizing and testing them on several cell lines for cytotoxicity. The engineered liposomes were less cytotoxic than ivermectin alone and they showed a significant increase of the antiviral activity in all the Dengue stains tested (1, 2, and S221). In the current study ivermectin is confirmed to be an effective potential antiviral and liposomes, as drug carriers, are shown to modulate the drug activity. All together the results represent a promising starting point for future improvement of ivermectin as antiviral and its delivery.

scholarly journals Viral strategies of manipulating autophagy to benefit infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Him Wong ◽  
Sumana Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Central Process ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Cellular Defence ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Fine Tune

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved central process in host metabolism. Among its major functions are conservation of energy during starvation, recycling organelles, and turnover of long-lived proteins. Besides, autophagy plays a critical role in removing intracellular pathogens and very likely represents a primordial intrinsic cellular defence mechanism. More recent findings indicate that it has not only retained its ability to degrade intracellular pathogens, but also functions to augment and fine tune antiviral immune responses. Interestingly, viruses have also co-evolved strategies to manipulate this pathway and use it to their advantage. Particularly intriguing is infection-dependent activation of autophagy with positive stranded (+)RNA virus infections, which benefit from the pathway without succumbing to lysosomal degradation. In this review we summarise recent data on viral manipulation of autophagy, with a particular emphasis on +RNA viruses and highlight key unanswered questions in the field that we believe merit further attention.

scholarly journals Analysis of Porcine RIG-I Like Receptors Revealed the Positive Regulation of RIG-I and MDA5 by LGP2

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangjie Li ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Xingyu Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Activation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Constitutive Activity ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Positive Regulation ◽  
Dsrna Binding ◽  
Livestock Animal ◽  
Signaling Activity

The RLRs play critical roles in sensing and fighting viral infections especially RNA virus infections. Despite the extensive studies on RLRs in humans and mice, there is a lack of systemic investigation of livestock animal RLRs. In this study, we characterized the porcine RLR members RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2. Compared with their human counterparts, porcine RIG-I and MDA5 exhibited similar signaling activity to distinct dsRNA and viruses, via similar and cooperative recognitions. Porcine LGP2, without signaling activity, was found to positively regulate porcine RIG-I and MDA5 in transfected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), gene knockout PAMs and PK-15 cells. Mechanistically, LGP2 interacts with RIG-I and MDA5 upon cell activation, and promotes the binding of dsRNA ligand by MDA5 as well as RIG-I. Accordingly, porcine LGP2 exerted broad antiviral functions. Intriguingly, we found that porcine LGP2 mutants with defects in ATPase and/or dsRNA binding present constitutive activity which are likely through RIG-I and MDA5. Our work provided significant insights into porcine innate immunity, species specificity and immune biology.

scholarly journals tRNA 2′-O-methylation by a duo of TRM7/FTSJ1 proteins modulates small RNA silencing in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 2050-2072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita T Angelova ◽  
Dilyana G Dimitrova ◽  
Bruno Da Silva ◽  
Virginie Marchand ◽  
Caroline Jacquier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Rna Structure ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Silencing Pathways ◽  
Rna Pathways ◽  
And Function

Abstract 2′-O-Methylation (Nm) represents one of the most common RNA modifications. Nm affects RNA structure and function with crucial roles in various RNA-mediated processes ranging from RNA silencing, translation, self versus non-self recognition to viral defense mechanisms. Here, we identify two Nm methyltransferases (Nm-MTases) in Drosophila melanogaster (CG7009 and CG5220) as functional orthologs of yeast TRM7 and human FTSJ1. Genetic knockout studies together with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and RiboMethSeq mapping revealed that CG7009 is responsible for methylating the wobble position in tRNAPhe, tRNATrp and tRNALeu, while CG5220 methylates position C32 in the same tRNAs and also targets additional tRNAs. CG7009 or CG5220 mutant animals were viable and fertile but exhibited various phenotypes such as lifespan reduction, small RNA pathways dysfunction and increased sensitivity to RNA virus infections. Our results provide the first detailed characterization of two TRM7 family members in Drosophila and uncover a molecular link between enzymes catalyzing Nm at specific tRNAs and small RNA-induced gene silencing pathways.

scholarly journals High-Throughput PCR Assays To Monitor Wolbachia Infection in the Dengue Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and Drosophila simulans

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (13) ◽  
pp. 4740-4743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siu F. Lee ◽  
Vanessa L. White ◽  
Andrew R. Weeks ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Nancy M. Endersby
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wolbachia Infection ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Cost Efficient

ABSTRACTWe have developed and validated two new fluorescence-based PCR assays to detect theWolbachia wMel strain inAedes aegyptiand thewRi andwAu strains inDrosophila simulans. The new assays are accurate, informative, and cost-efficient for large-scaleWolbachiascreening.

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