scholarly journals TOR kinase controls shoot development by translational regulation of cytokinin catabolic enzymes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Janocha ◽  
Anne Pfeiffer ◽  
Yihan Dong ◽  
Ondrej Novak ◽  
Miroslav Strnad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Tor Kinase

Plants continuously adjust the rate at which new organs are produced in accordance with endogenous and environmental signals. Therefore, a multitude of signaling pathways converge to modulate stem cell activity. We have shown previously, that the TOR kinase network integrates metabolic- and light signals to control expression of WUSCHEL, a transcriptional master regulator of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). However, the link between TOR and WUS promoter activity remained unresolved. Here we demonstrate that TOR controls trans-Zeatin abundance, the cytokinin derivative that is the main driver of shoot development. Moreover, we identify TOR mediated translational control of cytokinin degrading CYTOKININ OXIDASES/DEHYDROGENASE (CKX) enzymes as the underlying mechanism, which allows the plant to adjust the stem cell signaling environment and growth pattern within minutes after changes in environmental parameters.

scholarly journals Author response: LEAFY maintains apical stem cell activity during shoot development in the fern Ceratopteris richardii 

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew RG Plackett ◽  
Stephanie J Conway ◽  
Kristen D Hewett Hazelton ◽  
Ester H Rabbinowitsch ◽  
Jane A Langdale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Ceratopteris Richardii ◽  
Stem Cell Activity

scholarly journals Multiple Roles for Cholinergic Signaling from the Perspective of Stem Cell Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Toshio Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Cholinergic Signaling

Stem cells have extensive proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. The mechanisms by which stem cells accomplish self-renewal provide fundamental insight into the origin and design of multicellular organisms. These pathways allow the repair of damage and extend organismal life beyond that of component cells, and they probably preceded the evolution of complex metazoans. Understanding the true nature of stem cells can only come from discovering how they are regulated. The concept that stem cells are controlled by particular microenvironments, also known as niches, has been widely accepted. Technical advances now allow characterization of the zones that maintain and control stem cell activity in several organs, including the brain, skin, and gut. Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) that mediates chemical transmission via ACh receptors such as nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Although the cholinergic system is composed of organized nerve cells, the system is also involved in mammalian non-neuronal cells, including stem cells, embryonic stem cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Thus, cholinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in controlling their behaviors. Studies regarding this signal are beginning to unify our understanding of stem cell regulation at the cellular and molecular levels, and they are expected to advance efforts to control stem cells therapeutically. The present article reviews recent findings about cholinergic signaling that is essential to control stem cell function in a cholinergic niche.

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