scholarly journals Multiple Roles for Cholinergic Signaling from the Perspective of Stem Cell Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Toshio Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Cholinergic Signaling

Stem cells have extensive proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. The mechanisms by which stem cells accomplish self-renewal provide fundamental insight into the origin and design of multicellular organisms. These pathways allow the repair of damage and extend organismal life beyond that of component cells, and they probably preceded the evolution of complex metazoans. Understanding the true nature of stem cells can only come from discovering how they are regulated. The concept that stem cells are controlled by particular microenvironments, also known as niches, has been widely accepted. Technical advances now allow characterization of the zones that maintain and control stem cell activity in several organs, including the brain, skin, and gut. Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) that mediates chemical transmission via ACh receptors such as nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Although the cholinergic system is composed of organized nerve cells, the system is also involved in mammalian non-neuronal cells, including stem cells, embryonic stem cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Thus, cholinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in controlling their behaviors. Studies regarding this signal are beginning to unify our understanding of stem cell regulation at the cellular and molecular levels, and they are expected to advance efforts to control stem cells therapeutically. The present article reviews recent findings about cholinergic signaling that is essential to control stem cell function in a cholinergic niche.

scholarly journals Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) in Vascular Research: from Two- to Three-Dimensional Organoids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Trillhaase ◽  
Marlon Maertens ◽  
Zouhair Aherrahrou ◽  
Jeanette Erdmann
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

AbstractStem cell technology has been around for almost 30 years and in that time has grown into an enormous field. The stem cell technique progressed from the first successful isolation of mammalian embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the 1990s, to the production of human induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the early 2000s, to finally culminate in the differentiation of pluripotent cells into highly specialized cell types, such as neurons, endothelial cells (ECs), cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and lung and intestinal cells, in the last decades. In recent times, we have attained a new height in stem cell research whereby we can produce 3D organoids derived from stem cells that more accurately mimic the in vivo environment. This review summarizes the development of stem cell research in the context of vascular research ranging from differentiation techniques of ECs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to the generation of vascularized 3D organoids. Furthermore, the different techniques are critically reviewed, and future applications of current 3D models are reported. Graphical abstract

Types of Stem Cells Used in US-Based Clinical Trials between 1999 and 2014

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 169-191
Author(s):  
Emma E. Redfield ◽  
Erin K. Luciano ◽  
Monica J. Sewell ◽  
Lucas A. Mitzel ◽  
Isaac J. Sanford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Us ◽  
Health Database ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

This study looks at the number of clinical trials involving specific stem cell types. To our knowledge, this has never been done before. Stem cell clinical trials that were conducted at locations in the US and registered on the National Institutes of Health database at ‘clinicaltrials.gov’ were categorized according to the type of stem cell used (adult, cancer, embryonic, perinatal, or induced pluripotent) and the year that the trial was registered. From 1999 to 2014, there were 2,357 US stem cell clinical trials registered on ‘clinicaltrials.gov,’ and 89 percent were from adult stem cells and only 0.12 percent were from embryonic stem cells. This study concludes that embryonic stem cells should no longer be used for clinical study because of their irrelevance, moral questions, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Techniques

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Gigliola Sica
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions

The therapeutic use of stem cells and tissue engineering techniques are emerging in urology. Here, stem cell types, their differentiating potential and fundamental characteristics are illustrated. The cancer stem cell hypothesis is reported with reference to the role played by stem cells in the origin, development and progression of neoplastic lesions. In addition, recent reports of results obtained with stem cells alone or seeded in scaffolds to overcome problems of damaged urinary tract tissue are summarized. Among others, the application of these biotechnologies in urinary bladder, and urethra are delineated. Nevertheless, apart from the ethical concerns raised from the use of embryonic stem cells, a lot of questions need to be solved concerning the biology of stem cells before their widespread use in clinical trials. Further investigation is also required in tissue engineering utilizing animal models.

scholarly journals The E3 Ligase Axotrophin/MARCH-7: Protein Expression Profiling of Human Tissues Reveals Links to Adult Stem Cells

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina A. Szigyarto ◽  
Paul Sibbons ◽  
Gill Williams ◽  
Mathias Uhlen ◽  
Su M. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Null Mouse ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Neuronal Progenitor

Axotrophin/MARCH-7 was first identified in mouse embryonic stem cells as a neural stem cell gene. Using the axotrophin/MARCH-7 null mouse, we discovered profound effects on T lymphocyte responses, including 8-fold hyperproliferation and 5-fold excess release of the stem cell cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Our further discovery that axotrophin/MARCH-7 is required for targeted degradation of the LIF receptor subunit gp190 implies a direct role in the regulation of LIF signaling. Bioinformatics studies revealed a highly conserved RING-CH domain in common with the MARCH family of E3-ubiquitin ligases, and accordingly, axotrophin was renamed “MARCH-7.” To probe protein expression of human axotrophin/MARCH-7, we prepared antibodies against different domains of the protein. Each antibody bound its specific target epitope with high affinity, and immunohistochemistry cross-validated target specificity. Forty-eight human tissue types were screened. Epithelial cells stained strongly, with trophoblasts having the greatest staining. In certain tissues, specific cell types were selectively positive, including neurons and neuronal progenitor cells in the hippocampus and cerebellum, endothelial sinusoids of the spleen, megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, crypt stem cells of the small intestine, and alveolar macrophages in the lung. Approximately 20% of central nervous system neuropils were positive. Notably, axotrophin/MARCH-7 has an expression profile that is distinct from that of other MARCH family members. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.

scholarly journals Two anatomically distinct niches regulate stem cell activity

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 2174-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Ema ◽  
Toshio Suda
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cell Regulation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Cellular Components

Abstract The niche microenvironment controls stem cell number, fate, and behavior. The bone marrow, intestine, and skin are organs with highly regenerative potential, and all produce a large number of mature cells daily. Here, focusing on adult stem cells in these organs, we compare the structures and cellular components of their niches and the factors they produce. We then define the niche as a functional unit for stem cell regulation. For example, the niche possibly maintains quiescence and regulates fate in stem cells. Moreover, we discuss our hypothesis that many stem cell types are regulated by both specialized and nonspecialized niches, although hematopoietic stem cells, as an exception, are regulated by a nonspecialized niche only. The specialized niche is composed of 1 or a few types of cells lying on the basement membrane in the epithelium. The nonspecialized niche is composed of various types of cells widely distributed in mesenchymal tissues. We propose that the specialized niche plays a role in local regulation of stem cells, whereas the nonspecialized niche plays a role in relatively broad regional or systemic regulation. Further work will verify this dual-niche model to understand mechanisms underlying stem cell regulation.

scholarly journals Investigation of Stem Cell Aging Throughout the Lifetime and Therapeutic Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Karimi ◽  
Setareh Raoufi ◽  
Zohreh Bagher
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Stem Cell Aging

Introduction: Aging is a natural phenomenon that is caused by changes in the cells of the body. Theoretically, aging starts from birth and lasts throughout life. These changes affect the function of the cells. Also, in old tissues, the capacity for homeostasis and tissue repair is decline due to destructive changes in specific tissue stem cells, niche of stem cells and systemic factors that regulate stem cell activity. Understanding molecular pathways that disrupt stem cell function during aging is crucial for the development of new treatments for aging-associated diseases. In this article, the symptoms of stem cell aging and the key molecular pathways that are commonly used for the aging of stem cells were discussed. We will consider experimental evidence for all of the mechanisms and evaluate the way that can slow down or even stop the aging process. Finally, we will look at the aging process of three types of stem cells.

scholarly journals Proteomics in the World of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Soares Lindoso ◽  
Tais H. Kasai-Brunswick ◽  
Gustavo Monnerat Cahli ◽  
Federica Collino ◽  
Adriana Bastos Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Omics approaches have significantly impacted knowledge about molecular signaling pathways driving cell function. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have revolutionized the field of biological sciences and proteomics and, in particular, has been instrumental in identifying key elements operating during the maintenance of the pluripotent state and the differentiation process to the diverse cell types that form organisms. This review covers the evolution of conceptual and methodological strategies in proteomics; briefly describes the generation of iPSC from a historical perspective, the state-of-the-art of iPSC-based proteomics; and compares data on the proteome and transcriptome of iPSC to that of embryonic stem cells (ESC). Finally, proteomics of healthy and diseased cells and organoids differentiated from iPSC are analyzed.

Exploring the role of stem cell therapy in treating neurodegenerative diseases: Challenges and current perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Puranik ◽  
Ananta Prasad Arukha ◽  
Shiv Kumar Yadav ◽  
Dhananjay Yadav ◽  
Jun O Jin
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Cord Injury

: Several human neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Huntington’s disease, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and brain stroke, are caused by the injury to neurons or glial cells. The recent years have witnessed the successful generation of neurons and glia cells driving efforts to develop stem-cell-based therapies for patients to combat a broad spectrum of human neurological diseases. The inadequacy of suitable cell types for cell replacement therapy in patients suffering from neurological disorders have hampered the development of this promising therapeutic approach. Attempts are thus being made to reconstruct viable neurons and glial cells from different stem cells such as the embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and neural stem cells. Dedicated research to cultivate stem cell-based brain transplantation therapies have been carried out. We aim at compiling the breakthroughs in the field of stem cell-based therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative maladies, emphasizing on the shortcomings faced, victories achieved, and the future prospects of the therapy in clinical settings.

scholarly journals Stem cells: Aging and transcriptional fingerprints

2017 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice E. Keyes ◽  
Elaine Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Functional Abilities ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

Stem cells are imbued with unique qualities. They have the capacity to propagate themselves through symmetric divisions and to divide asymmetrically to engender new cells that can progress to differentiate into tissue-specific, terminal cell types. Armed with these qualities, stem cells in adult tissues are tasked with replacing decaying cells and regenerating tissue after injury to maintain optimal tissue function. With increasing age, stem cell functional abilities decline, resulting in reduced organ function and delays in tissue repair. Here, we review the effect of aging in five well-studied adult murine stem cell populations and explore age-related declines in stem cell function and their consequences for stem cell self-renewal, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. Finally, we examine transcriptional changes that have been documented in aged stem cell populations and discuss new questions and future directions that this collection of data has uncovered.

Stem Cells: The Future of Personalised Medicine?

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. MEI.S13177
Author(s):  
Ahmer Irfan ◽  
Irfan Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pilot Trials ◽  
The Future ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives

After hitting the headlines in the 1960s, stem cell therapy has been the subject of great optimism in the treatment of many conditions. Discoveries of new procurement methods for various stem cells has allowed the technology and research to progress to a stage where real therapeutic alternatives are potentially viable. In order to determine the direction to move forward, it is first important to analyse the data that has been collected across well researched stem cell types (Embryonic Stem cells, Induced pluripotent stem cells, Haematopoetic stem cells and Mesenchymal stem cells) as well as emerging stem cell types (Very-small-embryonic-like stem cells, Spermatogonial stem cells and Parthenogenetic stem cells). Whilst by no means conclusive, the data does support the optimism surrounding these cells. Whilst stem cells may be embraced as the future of personalised medicine, following these pilot trials, research needs to become more focussed to allow advancement.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document