scholarly journals A local scale evaluation of spatial sampling bias in the Atlas of Australian Birds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Totterman
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Spatial Sampling ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Australian Birds ◽  
Local Patch ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Reporting Rates

ABSTRACTThe reliability of ‘citizen science’ datasets where volunteers are free to choose sampling locations is not clear. This study examined local (‘patch’) scale spatial sampling patterns in the Atlas of Australian Birds and then compared reporting rates, i.e. the proportion of sampling units in which a given species was present, from a sample of atlas points with those from a regular sample. Three sites that have been were surveyed sequentially between January–May 2017: Killawarra Forest, Victoria, Coolah Tops National Park and Pilliga Nature Reserve, New South Wales. Spatial bias in atlas sampling patterns was evident as clusters at tourist areas and special habitat features and linear patterns along roads and creek lines. Atlas samples overestimated reporting rates for species with spatial distributions that were concordant with those sampling patterns and vice versa. At least two-fold differences in atlas/regular sample reporting rate ratios were detected for between 13–15% of non-rare species (with reporting rates ≥ 0.08). Concerns are raised that spatial sampling bias is common in the atlas and affects a variety of species, that popular sites may not be representative of habitat patches and that a large proportion of surveys are being filtered out in data analyses.

Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation in Australia annual report, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Dey ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Helen Quinn ◽  
Rona Hiam ◽  
Nicholas Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Injection Site Reaction ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
National Immunisation Program ◽  
Conjugate Vaccination ◽  
Reporting Rates ◽  
To Receive

This report summarises Australian passive surveillance data for adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) for 2017 reported to the Therapeutic Goods Administration and describes reporting trends over the 18-year period 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2017. There were 3,878 AEFI records for vaccines administered in 2017; an annual AEFI reporting rate of 15.8 per 100,000 population. There was a 12% increase in the overall AEFI reporting rate in 2017 compared with 2016. This increase in reported adverse events in 2017 compared to the previous year was likely due to the introduction of the zoster vaccine (Zostavax®) provided free for people aged 70–79 years under the National Immunisation Program (NIP) and also the state- and territory-based meningococcal ACWY conjugate vaccination programs. AEFI reporting rates for most other individual vaccines in 2017 were similar to 2016. The most commonly reported reactions were injection site reaction (34%), pyrexia (17%), rash (15%), vomiting (8%) and pain (7%). The majority of AEFI reports (88%) described non-serious events. Two deaths were reported that were determined to have a causal relationship with vaccination; they occurred in immunocompromised people contraindicated to receive the vaccines.

Pounce site characteristics of the Western Yellow Robin Eopsaltria griseogularis: the importance of assessing foraging microhabitat

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarrad a. Cousin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Invertebrate Prey ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Australian Birds ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Selection Of

The ground ecosystem represents an important foraging substrate for a large number of Australian birds, including the ground-pouncing Western Yellow Robin Eopsaltria griseogulari. The present study examined the foraging locations of E. griseogularis at the "extreme" microhabitat scale, by measuring ground substrate composition in a 300 mm by 300 mm area surrounding pounce sites, as well as habitat features surrounding pounce sites. Ground substrate composition of pounce sites remained relatively unchanged between seasons, and was characterized by a higher mean percentage of leaf litter and logs when compared to random points. The importance of logs was further emphasized by the closer proximity of logs to pounce sites than to random points. Selection of pounce sites in close proximity to logs and with abundant leaf litter reflects the higher abundance of invertebrate prey associated with these microhabitat attributes, although it may also represent a pounce in close proximity to a log utilized as a perch. During the warmer months of autumn, logs and their associated accumulations of leaf litter, provide sufficient moisture to maintain invertebrate prey, a resource diminished in the surrounding desiccated leaf litter. The conservation implications of these findings are discussed, as is the importance of examining foraging microhabitat in ground-foraging birds.

scholarly journals Simulation testing the robustness of a multiregion, tag-integrated assessment model that exhibits natal homing and estimates natural mortality and reporting rate

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1930-1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Vincent ◽  
Travis O. Brenden ◽  
James R. Bence
Keyword(s):  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Integrated Assessment Model ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Natal Homing ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Simulation Testing ◽  
Reporting Rates

The influence of model complexity on integrated tagging and catch-at-age analysis (ITCAAN) parameter estimation is poorly understood for populations exhibiting natal homing. We investigated ITCAAN performance under varying levels of movement, degree of similarity in population productivities, data quality, spatial complexity in parameterization, and whether natural mortality and (or) reporting rates were fixed at actual values, estimated, or misspecified. Dynamics of four populations with natal homing that intermixed during periods of harvest were simulated based on Lake Erie walleye (Sander vitreus). Our results suggest, when high-quality tagging data are available, ITCAAN models are able to simultaneously estimate movement rates, natural mortality, and tag reporting rates, though accuracy and precision of model estimates will decrease with greater model complexity and fewer tags released. Additionally, ITCAAN models may have difficulty estimating individual population abundances under certain movement rates when population productivities are vastly different. ITCAAN models that estimate natural mortality and reporting rates may perform best with similar sized populations and when data are available to assist the estimation of reporting rates.

Criminal Victimization: Lifetime Prevalence, Reporting to Police, and Psychological Impact

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean G. Kilpatrick ◽  
Benjamin E. Saunders ◽  
Lois J. Veronen ◽  
Connie L. Best ◽  
Judith M. Von
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Criminal Victimization ◽  
Crime Type ◽  
Victim Services ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Police Reporting ◽  
Reporting Rates

A sample of 391 adult females were interviewed about lifetime criminal victimization experiences, crime reporting, and psychological impact. In total, 75% of the sample (n = 295) had been victimized by crime, and 41.4% of all crimes were reported to the police. Reporting rates differed by crime type. Burglary had the highest reporting rate (82.4%); and sexual assault the lowest (7.1%). Of all crime victims, 27.8% subsequently developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Major implications are the following: Prevalence rates are extremely high and reporting rates are low. The prevalence of PTSD indicates that crime has both an immediate and long-term psychological impact. Suggestions for improved victim services are discussed.

scholarly journals Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation in Australia: annual report, 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Dey ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Helen Quinn ◽  
Alexis Pillsbury ◽  
Catherine Glover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Injection Site Reaction ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Program Schedule ◽  
National Immunisation Program ◽  
Reporting Rates

This report summarises Australian spontaneous surveillance data for adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) for 2018 reported to the Therapeutic Goods Administration and describes reporting trends over the 19-year period 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2018. There were 4221 AEFI records for vaccines administered in 2018, an annual AEFI reporting rate of 16.9 per 100,000 population. There was a 2.9% increase in the overall AEFI reporting rate in 2018 compared to 2017. This slight increase in reported adverse events in 2018 was likely due to new additions to the National Immunisation Program schedule, namely meningococcal ACWY vaccination for children aged 12 months, enhanced immunogenicity trivalent influenza vaccines for adults aged ≥65 years, and state- and territory-funded seasonal influenza vaccination programs for children aged 6 months to <5 years. AEFI reporting rates for most individual vaccines in 2018 were similar to 2017. The most commonly reported adverse events were injection site reaction (34%), pyrexia (15%), rash (15%), vomiting (8%), headache (6%) and pain (6%). Two deaths were reported to the TGA but no clear causal relationship with vaccination was found.

scholarly journals Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation in Australia annual report, 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Dey ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Helen Quinn ◽  
Alexis Pillsbury ◽  
Catherine Glover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Injection Site Reaction ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Causal Association ◽  
Site Reaction ◽  
Reporting Rates

This report summarises Australian spontaneous surveillance data for adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) for 2019 reported to the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and describes reporting trends over the 20-year period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2019. There were 3,782 AEFI records for vaccines administered in 2019, an annual AEFI reporting rate of 14.9 per 100,000 population. There was an 11.8% decrease in the overall AEFI reporting rate in 2019 compared to 2018 (16.9 per 100,000 population). This decrease in the AEFI reporting rate in 2019 was mainly attributable to a decline in reported adverse events related to the human papillomavirus (HPV), dTpa, meningococcal ACWY and seasonal influenza vaccines. AEFI reporting rates for most individual vaccines in 2019 were similar to 2018. The most commonly-reported adverse events were injection site reaction (35.8%), rash (16.6%), pyrexia (15.3%), vomiting (8.1%), urticaria (5.8%), pain (5.8%) and headache (5.7%). There were five deaths reported to the TGA. In one report, the timing and clinical findings were consistent with a causal association with vaccination. In the remaining four reports, no clear causal relationship with vaccination was found.

scholarly journals AEFI Reporting Rates in Albania During 2008-2015: A Retrospective Analysis of AEFI Reporting Forms

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Irsida Mehmeti ◽  
Silva Bino ◽  
Erida Nelaj ◽  
Eugena Tomini
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Safety Reporting ◽  
Infectious Disease Department ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
High Adherence ◽  
Central Database ◽  
Reporting Rates

In Albania, passive AEFI surveillance is conducted by Institute of Public Health, which is under the supervision of Ministry of Health. Reports of suspected adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) are reviewed by the Control of infectious disease department in the Institute of Public Health and recorded in a central database. In this study AEFI database is analysed for individual AEFI reporting forms during 2008-2015. AEFI reporting rates and their patterns were assessed. At 2003 a national standardized AEFI reporting form was introduced to the health-care workers who were obligated to report any observed AEFI. This form was changed and added more requisites in 2008 and nowadays this is the formal AEFI reporting form in Albania. Safe vaccines are essential to preserve high adherence to immunization programs¬ [1]. During the last years the reporting rate increased significantly due to implementation of enhanced vaccine safety reporting strategies but it is still low and underreporting remains one of the limits of passive surveillance. Reporting rates were calculated using as a denominator the administered doses of vaccines.

scholarly journals Estimating the incidence reporting rates of new influenza pandemics at an early stage using travel data from the source country

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 955-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. CHONG ◽  
H. F. FONG ◽  
C. Y. ZEE
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Influenza Pandemics ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Reporting Rates

SUMMARYDuring the surveillance of influenza pandemics, underreported data are a public health challenge that complicates the understanding of pandemic threats and can undermine mitigation efforts. We propose a method to estimate incidence reporting rates at early stages of new influenza pandemics using 2009 pandemic H1N1 as an example. Routine surveillance data and statistics of travellers arriving from Mexico were used. Our method incorporates changes in reporting rates such as linearly increasing trends due to the enhanced surveillance. From our results, the reporting rate was estimated at 0·46% during early stages of the pandemic in Mexico. We estimated cumulative incidence in the Mexican population to be 0·7% compared to 0·003% reported by officials in Mexico at the end of April. This method could be useful in estimation of actual cases during new influenza pandemics for policy makers to better determine appropriate control measures.

A retrospective evaluation of the effects of parelaphostrongylosis on moose populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather A. Whitlaw ◽  
Murray W. Lankester
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
The Past ◽  
Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis ◽  
Moose Population ◽  
Reporting Rates ◽  
Reasonable Test

Long-term historical data were examined for associations between moose (Alces alces) population declines, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) densities, and reports of parelaphostrongylosis as a test of the hypothesis that Parelaphostrongylus tenuis causes moose declines. Moose declines over the past 80 years were associated with deer densities greater than 5/km2. This observation may be useful to managers but did not allow any effects of P. tenuis to be separated from other possible causes of moose declines. Whether moose numbers were stable, increasing, or decreasing was independent of the occurrence of reports of sick moose. The best test of causality that could be constructed, namely an increase in the reporting rate of observed sick animals concurrent with moose population declines, did not support the hypothesis. Although we doubt that reporting rates are representative, a reasonable test of the hypothesis has been possible, and the suggestion that P. tenuis has caused declines in moose populations is not supported by the historical information available. However, this question, and the ways and extent to which the disease may instead limit moose populations cohabiting with infected deer, remain in need of research.

scholarly journals Arthus Reaction as an Adverse Event Following Tdap Vaccination

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Vitali Pool ◽  
Larissa Mege ◽  
Adel Abou-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Distributed Data ◽  
Arthus Reaction ◽  
Repeat Administration ◽  
The Us ◽  
Arthus Phenomenon ◽  
Favorable Safety ◽  
Reporting Rates

Repeat administration of tetanus toxoid-containing vaccines has rarely been associated with Arthus phenomenon, an immune-complex reaction. In the US, since 2013, tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines (Tdap) have been recommended for administration during each pregnancy. Separately, in 2019, one Tdap was approved for repeat administration in adults in the US. We aimed to describe trends in spontaneously reported Arthus reactions following Tdap in the US and to assess the risk of this phenomenon in persons receiving Tdap repeatedly. We reviewed Arthus reports in the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS), 1990–2018. Reporting rates were estimated using Tdap doses distributed data. A systematic literature review was conducted in MEDLINE for any Arthus cases reported in Tdap clinical trials and observational studies published between 2000 and 2019. We found 192 Arthus reports in VAERS after any vaccine, of which 36 occurred after Tdap and none were reported during pregnancy. The Arthus reporting rate was estimated at 0.1 per million doses distributed. We identified eight published studies of Tdap administration within five years after a previous dose of tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine; no Arthus cases were reported. We conclude that Arthus reaction following Tdap is extremely rare. Increasing frequency of repeat Tdap administration in adults in the US did not result in a detectable increase in reporting rates of this phenomenon, confirming the favorable safety profile of Tdap.

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