scholarly journals Severe Prenatal Shocks and Adolescent Health: Evidence from the Dutch Hunger Winter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Conti ◽  
L H Lumey ◽  
Stavros Poupakis ◽  
Govert E Bijwaard ◽  
Peter Ekamper
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
World War ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Objective Health ◽  
Military Recruits ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Multiple Shocks ◽  
Scarring Effects

This paper investigates impacts, mechanisms and selection effects of prenatal exposure to multiple shocks, by exploiting the unique natural experiment of the Dutch Hunger Winter. At the end of World War II, a famine occurred abruptly in the Western Netherlands (November 1944 - May 1945), pushing the previously and subsequently well-nourished Dutch population to the brink of starvation. We link high-quality military recruits data with objective health measurements for the cohorts born in the years surrounding WWII with newly digitised historical records on calories and nutrient composition of the war rations, daily temperature, and warfare deaths. Using difference-in-differences and triple differences research designs, we show that the cohorts exposed to the Dutch Hunger Winter since early gestation have a higher Body Mass Index and an increased probability of being overweight at age 18, and that this effect is partly accounted for by warfare exposure and a reduction in energy-adjusted protein intake. Moreover, we account for selective mortality using a copula-based approach and newly-digitised data on survival rates, and find evidence of both selection and scarring effects. These results emphasise the complexity of the mechanisms at play in studying the consequences of early conditions.

Reproductive traits following a parent–child separation trauma during childhood: A natural experiment during World War II

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu-Katriina Pesonen ◽  
Katri Räikkönen ◽  
Kati Heinonen ◽  
Eero Kajantie ◽  
Tom Forsén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
World War ◽  
Child Separation ◽  
Parent Child

scholarly journals The Separation and Reunification of Germany: Rethinking a Natural Experiment Interpretation of the Enduring Effects of Communism

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha O. Becker ◽  
Lukas Mergele ◽  
Ludger Woessmann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
World War ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
Cautious Interpretation ◽  
East And West ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control

German separation in 1949 into a communist East and a capitalist West and their reunification in 1990 are commonly described as a natural experiment to study the enduring effects of communism. We show in three steps that the populations in East and West Germany were far from being randomly selected treatment and control groups. First, the later border is already visible in many socio-economic characteristics in pre-World War II data. Second, World War II and the subsequent occupying forces affected East and West differently. Third, a selective fifth of the population fled from East to West Germany before the building of the Wall in 1961. In light of our findings, we propose a more cautious interpretation of the extensive literature on the enduring effects of communist systems on economic outcomes, political preferences, cultural traits, and gender roles.

Political Devolution and Resistance to Foreign Rule: A Natural Experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEREMY FERWERDA ◽  
NICHOLAS L. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Design ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Central Question ◽  
World War ◽  
Foreign Occupation ◽  
The Relationship

Do foreign occupiers face less resistance when they increase the level of native governing authority? Although this is a central question within the literature on foreign occupation and insurgency, it is difficult to answer because the relationship between resistance and political devolution is typically endogenous. To address this issue, we identify a natural experiment based on the locally arbitrary assignment of French municipalities into German or Vichy-governed zones during World War II. Using a regression discontinuity design, we conclude that devolving governing authority significantly lowered levels of resistance. We argue that this effect is driven by a process of political cooptation: domestic groups that were granted governing authority were less likely to engage in resistance activity, while violent resistance was heightened in regions dominated by groups excluded from the governing regime. This finding stands in contrast to work that primarily emphasizes structural factors or nationalist motivations for resistance.

scholarly journals Can Stimulating Demand Drive Costs Down? World War II as a Natural Experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois Lafond ◽  
Diana Seave Greenwald ◽  
J. Doyne Farmer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
World War

Childhood separation experience predicts HPA axis hormonal responses in late adulthood: A natural experiment of World War II

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 758-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu-Katriina Pesonen ◽  
Katri Räikkönen ◽  
Kimmo Feldt ◽  
Kati Heinonen ◽  
Clive Osmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
World War ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Late Adulthood

scholarly journals Mass Customization: The Implication on Development of Aluminum Joint

2021 ◽  
pp. 380-392
Author(s):  
Jiabei Ye ◽  
Xiaoxi Guo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Mass Customization ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Digital Fabrication ◽  
Lost Foam Casting ◽  
World War ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Lost Foam

AbstractIn the manufacturing process, the production of standardized prefabricated components is highly efficient, which can benefit the demand for mass production of standardized architecture after World War II. However, over-standardized architecture sometimes cannot satisfy the demand for uniqueness in an architecture project. At this time, bespoke components began to be used to solve the over-simplification of aesthetics of architecture. Besides, with the help of digital fabrication, bespoke components could achieve mass customization in architecture. The research designs two joints: prefabricated aluminum joints and bespoke aluminum joints, which aims to develop bespoke joints to aluminum components with ornamental characteristics and become a part of architecture with practical function and ornamental function. Furthermore, in the process of generating bespoke joints, improve the deficiency when conducting lost-foam casting.

scholarly journals Military Psychology- Need, Scope and Challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Culture ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Psychology ◽  
Military Recruits ◽  
Qualitative Relationship ◽  
The Times

The history of military psychology dates back to the times of World War I and World War II when army Alpha and army beta tests were constructed by psychologists. The army Alpha test was constructed by Robert Yerkes along with his colleagues in the year 1917 to evaluate The US military recruits during World War I. The aim of this research is to understand, evaluate the need of military psychology and its scope and challenges face by the armed forces of India. With this research article, the aim is also to highlight the qualitative relationship of psychology and military culture. With this paper the author aims to analyze how the Indian military culture functions and what role psychology plays in its functioning. The armed forces have always displayed its zeal, sheer wit and courage in strengthening the structure of Democratic country like India. The attempt is to explore in depth, the need of military psychology and how military psychologists or psychologists in general can help the military personnel during times of psychological distress. This research also provides ways in which the mental health professionals can strengthen this relationship with the armed forces of India.

scholarly journals The Role of Communities in the Transmission of Political Values: Evidence from Forced Population Transfers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Volha Charnysh ◽  
Leonid Peisakhin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Random Process ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
World War ◽  
Value Transmission ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Majority Group

This article evaluates the role of community bonds in the long-term transmission of political values. At the end of World War II, Poland's borders shifted westward, and the population from the historical region of Galicia (now partly in Ukraine) was displaced to the territory that Poland acquired from Germany. In a quasi-random process, some migrants settled in their new villages as a majority group, preserving communal ties, while others ended up in the minority. The study leverages this natural experiment of history by surveying the descendants of these Galician migrants. The research design provides an important empirical test of the theorized effect of communities on long-term value transmission, which separates the influence of family and community as two competing and complementary mechanisms. The study finds that respondents in Galicia-majority settlements are now more likely to embrace values associated with Austrian imperial rule and are more similar to respondents whose families avoided displacement.

The Logic of Vulnerability and Civilian Victimization

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Costalli ◽  
Francesco Niccolò Moro ◽  
Andrea Ruggeri
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
World War ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Informational Uncertainty ◽  
High Quality Information ◽  
Key Driver

ABSTRACTWhat causes civilian victimization in conventional civil wars and in conventional wars that experience insurgencies? The authors argue that a key driver of civilian victimization is the vulnerability of the incumbent forces, specifically when the conflict’s front line is shifting. Vulnerability is a function of informational and logistical challenges: when the front line is moving, incumbents face increased informational uncertainty and unstable supply chains that augment their vulnerability. Thus, incumbents will increase the use of civilian victimization in response to a scarcity of high-quality information on the location and identity of insurgents, to limit possible information leaks, and to contain supply disruption and logistics support to adversaries. The authors support their argument using matched difference-in-differences analyses of original subnational data on Nazi-Fascist violence in World War II Italy (1943–1945) and qualitative evidence.

scholarly journals Military Psychology- Need, Scope and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Culture ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Psychology ◽  
Military Recruits ◽  
Qualitative Relationship ◽  
The Times

The history of military psychology dates back to the times of World War I and World War II when army Alpha and army beta tests were constructed by psychologists. The army Alpha test was constructed by Robert Yerkes along with his colleagues in the year 1917 to evaluate The US military recruits during World War I. The aim of this research is to understand, evaluate the need of military psychology and its scope and challenges face by the armed forces of India. With this research article, the aim is also to highlight the qualitative relationship of psychology and military culture. With this paper the author aims to analyze how the Indian military culture functions and what role psychology plays in its functioning. The armed forces have always displayed its zeal, sheer wit and courage in strengthening the structure of Democratic country like India. The attempt is to explore in depth, the need of military psychology and how military psychologists or psychologists in general can help the military personnel during times of psychological distress. This research also provides ways in which the mental health professionals can strengthen this relationship with the armed forces of India.

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