scholarly journals Sources of variation in the spectral slope of the sleep EEG

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Kozhemiako ◽  
Dimitrios Mylonas ◽  
Jen Q Pan ◽  
Michael J Prerau ◽  
Susan Redline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Sleep Eeg ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Spectral Slope ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Eeg Power

Building on previous work linking changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral slope to arousal level, Lendner et al. (2021) reported that wake, non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep exhibit progressively steeper 30-45 Hz slopes, interpreted in terms of increasing cortical inhibition. Here we sought to replicate Lendner et al.'s scalp EEG findings (based on 20 individuals) in a larger sample of 11,630 individuals from multiple cohorts in the National Sleep Research Resource (NSRR). In a final analytic sample of N = 10,255 distinct recordings, there was unambiguous statistical support for the hypothesis that, within individuals, the mean spectral slope grows steeper going from wake to NREM to REM sleep. We found that the choice of mastoid referencing scheme modulated the extent to which electromyogenic or electrocardiographic artifacts were likely to bias 30-45 Hz slope estimates, as well as other sources of technical, device-specific bias. Nonetheless, within individuals, slope estimates were relatively stable over time. Both cross-sectionally and longitudinal, slopes tended to become shallower with increasing age, particularly for REM sleep; males tended to show flatter slopes than females across all states. Although conceptually distinct, spectral slope did not predict sleep state substantially better than other summaries of the high frequency EEG power spectrum (>20 Hz, in this context) including beta band power, however. Finally, to more fully describe sources of variation in the spectral slope and its relationship to other sleep parameters, we quantified state-dependent differences in the variances (both within and between individuals) of spectral slope, power and interhemispheric coherence, as well as their covariances. In contrast to the common conception of the REM EEG as relatively wake-like (i.e. 'paradoxical' sleep), REM and wake were the most divergent states for multiple metrics, with NREM exhibiting intermediate profiles. Under a simplified modelling framework, changes in spectral slope could not, by themselves, fully account for the observed differences between states, if assuming a strict power law model. Although the spectral slope is an appealing, theoretically inspired parameterization of the sleep EEG, here we underscore some practical considerations that should be borne in mind when applying it in diverse datasets. Future work will be needed to fully characterize state-dependent changes in the aperiodic portions of the EEG power spectra, which appear to be consistent with, albeit not fully explained by, changes in the spectral slope.

scholarly journals Quantitative electroencephalography measures in rapid eye movement and nonrapid eye movement sleep are associated with apnea–hypopnea index and nocturnal hypoxemia in men

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L Appleton ◽  
Andrew Vakulin ◽  
Angela D’Rozario ◽  
Andrew D Vincent ◽  
Alison Teare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Quantitative Electroencephalography ◽  
Nocturnal Hypoxemia ◽  
Eeg Power

AbstractStudy ObjectivesQuantitative electroencephalography (EEG) measures of sleep may identify vulnerability to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) sequelae, however, small clinical studies of sleep microarchitecture in OSA show inconsistent alterations. We examined relationships between quantitative EEG measures during rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep and OSA severity among a large population-based sample of men while accounting for insomnia.MethodsAll-night EEG (F4-M1) recordings from full in-home polysomnography (Embletta X100) in 664 men with no prior OSA diagnosis (age ≥ 40) were processed following exclusion of artifacts. Power spectral analysis included non-REM and REM sleep computed absolute EEG power for delta, theta, alpha, sigma, and beta frequency ranges, total power (0.5–32 Hz) and EEG slowing ratio.ResultsApnea–hypopnea index (AHI) ≥10/h was present in 51.2% (severe OSA [AHI ≥ 30/h] 11.6%). In mixed effects regressions, AHI was positively associated with EEG slowing ratio and EEG power across all frequency bands in REM sleep (all p < 0.05); and with beta power during NREM sleep (p = 0.06). Similar associations were observed with oxygen desaturation index (3%). Percentage total sleep time with oxygen saturation <90% was only significantly associated with increased delta, theta, and alpha EEG power in REM sleep. No associations with subjective sleepiness were observed.ConclusionsIn a large sample of community-dwelling men, OSA was significantly associated with increased EEG power and EEG slowing predominantly in REM sleep, independent of insomnia. Further study is required to assess if REM EEG slowing related to nocturnal hypoxemia is more sensitive than standard PSG indices or sleepiness in predicting cognitive decline.

Primary vagally mediated decelerations in heart rate during tonic rapid eye movement sleep in cats

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (4) ◽  
pp. R1136-R1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Verrier ◽  
T. Rern Lau ◽  
Umesha Wallooppillai ◽  
James Quattrochi ◽  
Bruce D. Nearing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Hippocampal Theta

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep results in profound state-dependent alterations in heart rate. The present study describes a novel phenomenon of a primary deceleration in heart rate that is not preceded or followed by increases in heart rate or arterial blood pressure and occurs primarily during tonic REM sleep. The goals were to characterize the primary decelerations and to provide insights on the underlying central and peripheral autonomic mechanisms. Cats were chronically implanted with electrodes to record electroencephalogram, pontogeniculooccipital wave activity in lateral geniculate nucleus, hippocampal theta rhythm, electromyogram, electrooculogram, respiration (diaphragm), and electrocardiogram. Arterial blood pressure was monitored from a carotid artery catheter. R-R interval fluctuations were continuously tracked using customized software. The muscarinic blocking agent glycopyrrolate (0.1 mg/kg iv) and the β-adrenergic blocking agent atenolol (0.3 mg/kg iv) were administered in alternating sequence with a 90- to 120-min interval. Glycopyrrolate immediately eliminated the decelerations during REM sleep. Atenolol alone had no effect on their frequency. These findings suggest that a change in the centrally induced pattern of autonomic activity to the heart is responsible for the primary decelerations, namely, a bursting of cardiac vagal efferent fiber activity.

scholarly journals Computational model of brain-stem circuit for state-dependent control of hypoglossal motoneurons

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Naji ◽  
Maxim Komarov ◽  
Giri P. Krishnan ◽  
Atul Malhotra ◽  
Frank L. Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neuronal Network ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Hypoglossal Motoneurons ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Serotonergic Drugs

In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the pharyngeal muscles become relaxed during sleep, which leads to a partial or complete closure of upper airway. Experimental studies suggest that withdrawal of noradrenergic and serotonergic drives importantly contributes to depression of hypoglossal motoneurons and, therefore, may contribute to OSA pathophysiology; however, specific cellular and synaptic mechanisms remain unknown. In this new study, we developed a biophysical network model to test the hypothesis that, to explain experimental observations, the neuronal network for monoaminergic control of excitability of hypoglossal motoneurons needs to include excitatory and inhibitory perihypoglossal interneurons that mediate noradrenergic and serotonergic drives to hypoglossal motoneurons. In the model, the state-dependent activation of the hypoglossal motoneurons was in qualitative agreement with in vivo data during simulated rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. The model was applied to test the mechanisms of action of noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs during REM sleep as observed in vivo. We conclude that the proposed minimal neuronal circuit is sufficient to explain in vivo data and supports the hypothesis that perihypoglossal interneurons may mediate state-dependent monoaminergic drive to hypoglossal motoneurons. The population of the hypothesized perihypoglossal interneurons may serve as novel targets for pharmacological treatment of OSA. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In vivo studies suggest that during rapid eye movement sleep, withdrawal of noradrenergic and serotonergic drives critically contributes to depression of hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs), which innervate the tongue muscles. By means of a biophysical model, which is consistent with a broad range of empirical data, we demonstrate that the neuronal network controlling the excitability of HMs needs to include excitatory and inhibitory interneurons that mediate noradrenergic and serotonergic drives to HMs.

Cholinergic Pontine Mechanisms Causing State-Dependent Respiratory Depression

Physiology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
R Lydic ◽  
HA Baghdoyan
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Pontine Reticular Formation ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Cholinergic Agonists ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Pharmacological Model

Microinjecting cholinergic agonists into the pontine reticular formation causes a rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleeplike state. The ability to cause this state pharmacologically has encouraged causal hypothesis testing. This pharmacological model has shown that cholinergic pontine mechanism known to regulate REM sleep can also cause state-dependent respiratory depression.

Cholinergic reticular mechanisms influence state-dependent ventilatory response to hypercapnia

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. R738-R746 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lydic ◽  
H. A. Baghdoyan ◽  
R. Wertz ◽  
D. P. White
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
First Time

Breathing is impaired by the loss of wakefulness that accompanies sleep, certain comatose states, and anesthesia. Although state-dependent decrements in breathing and the ability to respond to hypercapnic stimuli are characteristic of most mammals, the neural mechanisms that cause state-dependent changes in respiratory control remain poorly understood. The present study examined the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms in the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) can cause state-dependent changes in breathing and in the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR). Six cats were anesthetized with halothane and chronically instrumented for subsequent studies of breathing during wakefulness, non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and during the REM sleep-like state caused by mPRF microinjections of carbachol or bethanechol. Minute ventilation was significantly decreased during the carbachol-induced REM sleep-like state (DCarb) compared with wakefulness. The HCVR in NREM, REM, DCarb, and after bethanechol was less than the waking HCVR. These results show for the first time that cholinoceptive regions in the mPRF can cause state-dependent reductions in normocapnic minute ventilation and in the ventilatory response to hypercapnia.

scholarly journals An Electrophysiological Marker of Arousal Level in Humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janna D. Lendner ◽  
Randolph F. Helfrich ◽  
Bryce A. Mander ◽  
Luis Romundstad ◽  
Jack J. Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Arousal Level ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Spectral Slope ◽  
Scale Free

AbstractDeep non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) – also called slow wave sleep (SWS) – and general anesthesia are prominent states of reduced arousal linked to the occurrence of slow oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, however, is also associated with a diminished arousal level, but is characterized by a desynchronized, ‘wake-like’ EEG. This observation challenges the notion of oscillations as the main physiological mediator of reduced arousal. Using intracranial and surface EEG recordings in four independent data sets, we establish the 1/f spectral slope as an electrophysiological marker that accurately delineates wakefulness from anesthesia, SWS and REM sleep. The spectral slope reflects the non-oscillatory, scale-free measure of neural activity and has been proposed to index the local balance between excitation and inhibition. Taken together, these findings reconcile the long-standing paradox of reduced arousal in both REM and NREM sleep and provide a common unifying physiological principle — a shift in local Excitation/ Inhibition balance — to explain states of reduced arousal such as sleep and anesthesia in humans.Significance StatementThe clinical assessment of arousal levels in humans depends on subjective measures such as responsiveness to verbal commands. While non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and general anesthesia share some electrophysiological markers, rapid eye movement sleep (REM) is characterized by a ‘wake-like’ electroencephalogram. Here, we demonstrate that non-oscillatory, scale-free electrical brain activity — recorded from both scalp electroencephalogram and intracranial recordings in humans — reliably tracks arousal levels during both NREM and REM sleep as well as under general anesthesia with propofol. Our findings suggest that non-oscillatory brain activity can be used effectively to monitor vigilance states.

DHEA administration increases rapid eye movement sleep and EEG power in the sigma frequency range

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. E107-E113 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Friess ◽  
L. Trachsel ◽  
J. Guldner ◽  
T. Schier ◽  
A. Steiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Eeg Power Spectra ◽  
Eeg Power

Dehydroepi-androsterone (DHEA) exhibits various behavioral effects in mammals, at least one of which is enhancement of memory that appears to be mediated by an interaction with the gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor complex. We investigated the effects of a single oral dose of DHEA (500 mg) on sleep stages, sleep stage-specific electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra, and concurrent hormone secretion in 10 healthy young men. DHEA administration induced a significant (P < 0.05) increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, whereas all other sleep variables remained unchanged compared with the placebo condition. Spectral analysis of five selected EEG bands revealed significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced EEG activity in the sigma frequency range during REM sleep in the first 2-h sleep period after DHEA administration. In contrast, the EEG power spectra of non-REM sleep were not affected, nor were the nocturnal time course curves of plasma cortisol, growth hormone, or testosterone concentration. The results suggest that DHEA administration has a mixed GABAA-agonistic/antagonistic effect, exerted either directly or through DHEA-induced changes in steroid metabolism. Because REM sleep has been implicated in memory storage, its augmentation in the present study suggests the potential clinical usefulness of DHEA in age-related dementia.

Differentiation of Physiological States under Sensory Deprivation

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 168-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nakao ◽  
M. Yamamoto ◽  
M. Kimura ◽  
K. Iwata
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

Abstract:We attempt to differentiate the physiological state during sensory deprivation (SD) from normal sleep and wakefulness in terms of electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate variability (HRV) dynamics. KullbackLeibler (K-L) divergence is employed to quantify differences between their state-dependent dynamics. As a result, the dynamics of EEG and HRV during SD are found to be far distant from any representative dynamics of natural states of sleep and wakefulness. However, relatively speaking, the findings in SD can be categorized into two patterns. (a) The dynamics of HRV during SD is similar to that of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and the dynamics of EEG during SD is similar to that of wakefulness. (b) The dynamics of both HRV and EEG during SD are similar to that of REM. Such dissociation between states classified by EEG and HRV dynamics frequently takes place during SD. These findings suggest the peculiarity of the physiological state during the SD distinct from sleep and wakefulness.

scholarly journals An electrophysiological marker of arousal level in humans

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janna D Lendner ◽  
Randolph F Helfrich ◽  
Bryce A Mander ◽  
Luis Romundstad ◽  
Jack J Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Spectral Slope ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Eeg Recordings

Deep non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and general anesthesia with propofol are prominent states of reduced arousal linked to the occurrence of synchronized oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Although rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is also associated with diminished arousal levels, it is characterized by a desynchronized, ‘wake-like’ EEG. This observation implies that reduced arousal states are not necessarily only defined by synchronous oscillatory activity. Using intracranial and surface EEG recordings in four independent data sets, we demonstrate that the 1/f spectral slope of the electrophysiological power spectrum, which reflects the non-oscillatory, scale-free component of neural activity, delineates wakefulness from propofol anesthesia, NREM and REM sleep. Critically, the spectral slope discriminates wakefulness from REM sleep solely based on the neurophysiological brain state. Taken together, our findings describe a common electrophysiological marker that tracks states of reduced arousal, including different sleep stages as well as anesthesia in humans.

Control of Upper Airway Motoneurons During REM Sleep

Physiology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Kubin ◽  
Richard O. Davies ◽  
Allan I. Pack
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

The loss of tone in upper airway muscles contributes to disorders of breathing during sleep. In an animal model of rapid eye movement sleep atonia, decrements in the activity of upper airway motoneurons are caused by withdrawal of excitation mediated by serotonin and other transmitters, rather than by state-dependent inhibition.

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