scholarly journals A fungal plant pathogen overcomes conserved broad-spectrum disease resistance by rapid gene loss

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Kusch ◽  
Lamprinos Frantzeskakis ◽  
Birthe D. Lassen ◽  
Florian Kümmel ◽  
Lina Pesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Adaptive Mutations ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Genome ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungi ◽  
Powdery Mildew Pathogen

Hosts and pathogens typically engage in an evolutionary arms race. This also applies to phytopathogenic powdery mildew fungi, which can rapidly overcome plant resistance and perform host jumps. Using experimental evolution, we show that the powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei is capable of breaking the agriculturally important broad-spectrum resistance conditioned by barley loss-of-function mlo mutants. Partial mlo virulence is associated with a distinctive pattern of adaptive mutations, including small-sized (8-40 kb) deletions, one of which likely affects spore morphology. The detected mutational spectrum comprises the same loci in at least two independent mlo-virulent isolates, indicating convergent multigenic evolution. This work highlights the dynamic genome evolution of an obligate biotrophic plant pathogen with a transposon-enriched genome.

scholarly journals Perpetuation of Powdery Mildew Infection and Identification of Erysiphe australiana as the Crape Myrtle Pathogen in Mid-Tennessee

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1098-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainong Shi ◽  
Margaret T. Mmbaga
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Standard Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Common Lilac ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungi ◽  
Powdery Mildew Pathogen

The fungus Erysiphe lagerstroemiae is commonly known as the powdery mildew pathogen in crape myrtle (Lagerstroemiae indica) in the United States, and Erysiphe australiana is the powdery mildew pathogen reported in Japan, China, and Australia. The teleomorph often used to identify powdery mildew fungi rarely develops in crape myrtle, and in our observations, ascocarps never formed. Our study showed that the crape myrtle pathogen overwintered as mycelia on dormant buds. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA and the intervening 5.8S rRNA gene were amplified using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols and the universal primer pairs ITS1 and ITS4. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel and sequenced, and the ITS PCR product was 666 bp from ITS1/ITS4 and 704 bp from ITS1-F/ITS4. BLAST analysis of the sequence of the PCR products showed identical similarity with E. australiana reported in Japan, China, and Australia. Comparison of ITS sequences with information in the GenBank on other powdery mildew fungi showed a closest alignment (93% similarity) to Erysiphe juglandis that infects walnut. Specific primers for E. australiana were developed and evaluated for use as diagnostic tools. Out of 12 specific primer pairs evaluated, four primer pairs and four double primer pairs were highly specific to E. australiana and did not amplify Erysiphe pulchra of dogwood, Erysiphe syringae of common lilac, Erysiphe circinata of maple, or Phyllactinia guttata of oak. The E. australiana-specific primers amplified 16 samples of crape myrtle powdery mildew collected from diverse locations in mid-Tennessee. These results clearly showed that the crape myrtle powdery mildew in mid-Tennessee was caused by E. australiana. Specific primers reported in this article provide a diagnostic tool and may be used to confirm the identity of crape myrtle powdery mildew pathogen in other areas in the United States and wherever the disease occurs.

scholarly journals Down-regulation of Arabidopsis DND1 orthologs in potato and tomato leads to broad-spectrum resistance to late blight and powdery mildew

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaile Sun ◽  
Anne-Marie A. Wolters ◽  
Annelies E. H. M. Loonen ◽  
Robin P. Huibers ◽  
René van der Vlugt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance

scholarly journals Naturally Occurring Broad-Spectrum Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Central American Tomato Accession Is Caused by Loss of Mlo Function

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuling Bai ◽  
Stefano Pavan ◽  
Zheng Zheng ◽  
Nana F. Zappel ◽  
Anja Reinstädler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽  
Candidate Gene Approach ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Oidium Neolycopersici ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Mildew Resistance

The resistant cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) line LC-95, derived from an accession collected in Ecuador, harbors a natural allele (ol-2) that confers broad-spectrum and recessively inherited resistance to powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici). As both the genetic and phytopathological characteristics of ol-2–mediated resistance are reminiscent of powdery mildew immunity conferred by loss-of-function mlo alleles in barley and Arabidopsis, we initiated a candidate-gene approach to clone Ol-2. A tomato Mlo gene (SlMlo1) with high sequence-relatedness to barley Mlo and Arabidopsis AtMLO2 mapped to the chromosomal region harboring the Ol-2 locus. Complementation experiments using transgenic tomato lines as well as virus-induced gene silencing assays suggested that loss of SlMlo1 function is responsible for powdery mildew resistance conferred by ol-2. In progeny of a cross between a resistant line bearing ol-2 and the susceptible tomato cultivar Moneymaker, a 19-bp deletion disrupting the SlMlo1 coding region cosegregated with resistance. This polymorphism results in a frameshift and, thus, a truncated nonfunctional SlMlo1 protein. Our findings reveal the second example of a natural mlo mutant that possibly arose post-domestication, suggesting that natural mlo alleles might be evolutionarily short-lived due to fitness costs related to loss of mlo function.

TaNAC6s are involved in the basal and broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew in wheat

Plant Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 277 ◽  
pp. 218-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihao Zhou ◽  
Chen Qian ◽  
Ruochen Li ◽  
Shuang Zhou ◽  
Ruiqi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance

scholarly journals Loss-of-Function Mutations in Chitin Responsive Genes Show Increased Susceptibility to the Powdery Mildew Pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum

2005 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 1027-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Ramonell ◽  
Marta Berrocal-Lobo ◽  
Serry Koh ◽  
Jinrong Wan ◽  
Herb Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Erysiphe Cichoracearum ◽  
Powdery Mildew Pathogen ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

scholarly journals Quantitative and Temporal Definition of the Mla Transcriptional Regulon During Barley–Powdery Mildew Interactions

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 694-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Moscou ◽  
Nick Lauter ◽  
Rico A. Caldo ◽  
Dan Nettleton ◽  
Roger P. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Transcriptional Targets ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Powdery Mildew Pathogen

Barley Mildew resistance locus a (Mla) is a major determinant of immunity to the powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Alleles of Mla encode cytoplasmic- and membrane-localized coiled-coil, nucleotide binding site, leucine-rich repeat proteins that mediate resistance when complementary avirulence effectors (AVRa) are present in the pathogen. Presence of an appropriate AVRa protein triggers nuclear relocalization of MLA, in which MLA binds repressing host transcription factors. Timecourse expression profiles of plants harboring Mla1, Mla6, and Mla12 wild-type alleles versus paired loss-of-function mutants were compared to discover conserved transcriptional targets of MLA and downstream signaling cascades. Pathogen-dependent gene expression was equivalent or stronger in susceptible plants at 20 h after inoculation (HAI) and was attenuated at later timepoints, whereas resistant plants exhibited a time-dependent strengthening of the transcriptional response, increasing in both fold change and the number of genes differentially expressed. Deregulation at 20 HAI implicated 16 HAI as a crucial point in determining the future trajectory of this interaction and was interrogated by quantitative analysis. In total, 28 potential transcriptional targets of the MLA regulon were identified. These candidate targets possess a diverse set of predicted functions, suggesting that multiple pathways are required to mediate the hypersensitive reaction.

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