scholarly journals Supra-threshold perception and neural representation of tones presented in noise in conditions of masking release

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Egger ◽  
Torsten Dau ◽  
Bastian Epp
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Objective Indicator ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Masking Release ◽  
Masking Condition ◽  
Electrophysiological Findings ◽  
Signal Salience ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe neural representation and perceptual salience of tonal signals presented in different noise maskers were investigated. The properties of the maskers and signals were varied such that they produced different amounts of either monaural masking release, binaural masking release, or a combination of both. The signals were then presented at different levels above their corresponding masked thresholds and auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were measured. It was found that, independent of the masking condition, the amplitude of the P2 component of the AEP was similar for the same stimulus levels above masked threshold, suggesting that both monaural and binaural effects of masking release were represented at the level of P2 generation. The perceptual salience of the signal was evaluated at equal levels above masked threshold using a rating task. In contrast to the electrophysiological findings, the subjective ratings of the perceptual signal salience were less consistent with the signal level above masked threshold and varied strongly across listeners and masking conditions. Overall, the results from the present study suggest that the P2 amplitude of the AEP represents an objective indicator of the audibility of a target signal in the presence of complex acoustic maskers.

scholarly journals POSSIBILITIES OF CYTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL MARKERSOF INDUCED SPUTUM IN THE EVALUATION OF AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN PATIENTSWITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ASTHMA CONTROL

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
S N Pospelova ◽  
S A Sobchenko ◽  
V Yu Kravtsov
Keyword(s):  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Asthma Control ◽  
Induced Sputum ◽  
Objective Indicator ◽  
Control Objective ◽  
Different Levels

Were analyzed cytological and immunocytochemical data of induced sputum 43 patients with dif- ferent levels of asthma controlResults of cytological research showed lack or presence of eosinophilic airway inflammation (rela- tive number of eosinophils> 3%), but were not helpful in distinguishing uncontrolled from partially controlled asthma, these data could not be used for determination of level of asthma control. Objective indicator of the severity of airway inflammation, significantly correlated with the levels of disease con- trol, is the ratio of IL-1Ra/IL-1 in AM.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of masked and unmasked tones: psychoacoustics and late auditory evoked potentials (LAEPs)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyojin Kim ◽  
Viktorija Ratkute ◽  
Bastian Epp
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Just Noticeable Difference ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Masking Release ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
Masking Level Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Late Auditory Evoked Potentials

Hearing thresholds can be used to quantify one's hearing ability. In various masking conditions, hearing thresholds can vary depending on the auditory cues. With comodulated masking noise and interaural phase disparity (IPD), target detection can be facilitated, lowering detection thresholds. This perceptual phenomenon is quantified as masking release: comodulation masking release (CMR) and binaural masking level difference (BMLD). As these measures only reflect the low limit of hearing, the relevance of masking release at supra-threshold levels is still unclear. Here, we used both psychoacoustic and electro-physiological measures to investigate the effect of masking release at supra-threshold levels. We investigated whether the difference in the amount of masking release will affect listening at supra-threshold levels. We used intensity just-noticeable difference (JND) to quantify an increase in the salience of the tone. As a physiological correlate of JND, we investigated late auditory evoked potentials (LAEPs) with electroencephalography (EEG). The results showed that the intensity JNDs were equal at the same intensity of the tone regardless of masking release conditions. For LAEP measures, the slope of the P2 amplitudes with a function of the level was inversely correlated with the intensity JND. In addition, the P2 amplitudes were higher in dichotic conditions compared to diotic conditions. Estimated the salience of the target tone from both experiments suggested that the salience of masked tone at supra-threshold levels may only be beneficial with BMLD.

Parking lot lighting based upon predictions of scene brightness and personal safety

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Rea ◽  
JD Bullough ◽  
JA Brons
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Brightness Perception ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Different Levels

Providing subjective impressions of security is central to outdoor lighting design. Current parking lot lighting recommendations are based upon photopic illuminances, regardless of spectrum. Scene brightness perception is directly related to impressions of security, and depends upon both light level and spectrum. A provisional model was used to predict scene brightness for three parking lots, each illuminated to different levels by different light sources. Observers judged scene brightness, security and other factors for each lot. The provisional model accurately predicted both scene brightness and security judgements. The lighting associated with the best subjective ratings also had the lowest power density. A design method using ‘brightness illuminance’ is presented, which can lower system costs while maintaining a sense of security by users.

scholarly journals Subjective Measure of Cognitive Load Depends on Participants’ Content Knowledge Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianlong Zu ◽  
Jeremy Munsell ◽  
N. Sanjay Rebello
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Content Knowledge ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
Extraneous Load ◽  
Different Levels

Cognitive load theory (CLT) posits the classic view that cognitive load (CL) has three-components: intrinsic, extraneous and germane. Prior research has shown that subjective ratings are valid measures of different CL subtypes. To a lesser degree, how the validity of these subjective ratings depends on learner characteristics has not been studied. In this research, we explored the extent to which the validity of a specific set of subjective measures depends upon learners’ prior knowledge. Specifically, we developed an eight-item survey to measure the three aforementioned subtypes of CL perceived by participants in a testing environment. In the first experiment (N = 45) participants categorized the eight items into different groups based on similarity of themes. Most of the participants sorted the items consistent with a threefold construct of the CLT. Interviews with a subgroup (N = 13) of participants provided verbal evidence corroborating their understanding of the items that was consistent with the classic view of the CLT. In the second experiment (N = 139) participants completed the survey twice after taking a conceptual test in a pre/post setting. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a two-component structure for the survey when the content knowledge level of the participants was initially lower, but a three-component structure when the content knowledge of the participants was improved to a higher level. The results seem to suggest that low prior knowledge participants failed to differentiate the items targeting the intrinsic load from those measuring the extraneous load. In the third experiment (N = 40) participants completed the CL survey after taking a test consisting of problems imposing different levels of intrinsic and extraneous load. The results reveals that how participants rated on the CL survey was consistent with how each CL subtype was manipulated. Thus, the CL survey developed is decently effective measuring different types of CL. We suggest instructors to use this instrument after participants have established certain level of relevant knowledge.

scholarly journals Supra-threshold perception and neural representation of tones presented in noise in conditions of masking release

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. e0222804
Author(s):  
Katharina Egger ◽  
Torsten Dau ◽  
Bastian Epp
Keyword(s):  
Neural Representation ◽  
Masking Release

scholarly journals Different states of priority recruit different neural codes in visual working memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Yu ◽  
Bradley R. Postle
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Stimulus Information ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
A Site ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractWe tracked the neural representation of the orientation and the location of stimuli held in working memory at different levels of priority (“attended” and “unattended” memory items -- AMI and UMI), using multivariate inverted encoding models of human fMRI. Although representation of the orientation of the AMI and of the UMI could be reconstructed in several brain regions, including in early visual and parietal regions, the identity of the UMI was actively represented in early visual cortex in a distinct “reversed” code, suggesting this region as a site of the focus of attention to nonspatial stimulus information. The location of stimuli was also broadly represented, although only in parietal cortex was the location of the UMI represented in a reversed code. Our results suggest that a common recoding operation may be engaged, across stimulus dimensions and brain areas, to retain information in working memory while outside the focus of attention.

A Combination of Electroencephalogram and Auditory Evoked Potentials Separates Different Levels of Anesthesia in Volunteers

2009 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 1512-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Horn ◽  
Stefanie Pilge ◽  
Eberhard F. Kochs ◽  
Gudrun Stockmanns ◽  
Andreas Hock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Different Levels

scholarly journals Perceptual and categorical decision making: goal-relevant representation of two domains at different levels of abstraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 2088-2103
Author(s):  
Swetha Shankar ◽  
Andrew S. Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Dot Motion ◽  
Different Levels

To date it has been unclear whether perceptual decision making and rule-based categorization reflect activation of similar cognitive processes and brain regions. On one hand, both map potentially ambiguous stimuli to a smaller set of motor responses. On the other hand, decisions about perceptual salience typically concern concrete sensory representations derived from a noisy stimulus, while categorization is typically conceptualized as an abstract decision about membership in a potentially arbitrary set. Previous work has primarily examined these types of decisions in isolation. Here we independently varied salience in both the perceptual and categorical domains in a random dot-motion framework by manipulating dot-motion coherence and motion direction relative to a category boundary, respectively. Behavioral and modeling results suggest that categorical (more abstract) information, which is more relevant to subjects’ decisions, is weighted more strongly than perceptual (more concrete) information, although they also have significant interactive effects on choice. Within the brain, BOLD activity within frontal regions strongly differentiated categorical salience and weakly differentiated perceptual salience; however, the interaction between these two factors activated similar frontoparietal brain networks. Notably, explicitly evaluating feature interactions revealed a frontal-parietal dissociation: parietal activity varied strongly with both features, but frontal activity varied with the combined strength of the information that defined the motor response. Together, these data demonstrate that frontal regions are driven by decision-relevant features and argue that perceptual decisions and rule-based categorization reflect similar cognitive processes and activate similar brain networks to the extent that they define decision-relevant stimulus-response mappings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we study the behavioral and neural dynamics of perceptual categorization when decision information varies in multiple domains at different levels of abstraction. Behavioral and modeling results suggest that categorical (more abstract) information is weighted more strongly than perceptual (more concrete) information but that perceptual and categorical domains interact to influence decisions. Frontoparietal brain activity during categorization flexibly represents decision-relevant features and highlights significant dissociations in frontal and parietal activity during decision making.

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