Classifying European cigarette consumption trajectories from 1970 to 2015

ObjectivesTo systematically code and classify longitudinal cigarette consumption trajectories in European countries since 1970.DesignBlinded duplicate qualitative coding of periods of year-over-year relative increase, plateau, and decrease of national per capita cigarette consumption and categorisation of historical cigarette consumption trajectories based on longitudinal patterns emerging from the data.Setting41 countries or former countries in the European region for which data are available between 1970 and 2015.ResultsRegional trends in longitudinal consumption patterns identify stable or decreasing consumption throughout Northern, Western and Southern European countries, while Eastern and Southeastern European countries experienced much greater instability. The 11 emergent classes of historical cigarette consumption trajectories were also regionally clustered, including a distinctive inverted U or sine wave pattern repeatedly emerging from former Soviet and Southeastern European countries.ConclusionsThe open-access data produced by this study can be used to conduct comparative international evaluations of tobacco control policies by separating impacts likely attributable to gradual long-term trends from those more likely attributable to acute short-term events. The complex, regionally clustered historical trajectories of cigarette consumption in Europe suggest that the enduring normative frame of a gently sloping downward curve in cigarette consumption can offer a false sense of security among policymakers and can distract from plausible causal mechanisms among researchers. These multilevel and multisectoral causal mechanisms point to the need for a greater understanding of the political economy of regional and global determinants of cigarette consumption.

ANALYSIS OF THE USEFULNESS OF VIDEO MONITORING RECORDS FOR THE PURPOSES OF IDENTIFYING THE PERPETRATORS OF HOMICIDES

The article presents content related to the assessment of the usefulness of video monitoring for the identification of perpetrators of homicides as well as qualifying it as an important element of crime prevention. It presents the impact of the growing tendency of mass use of public space monitoring systems on the increased sense of security and control over situations which may threaten society. Moreover, the issues related to a perpetrator’s awareness of the inevitability of preserving their image by means of visual monitoring and its impact on the manner of their conduct as well as the possible withdrawal from committing a prohibited act have been signalled. The article also attempts to explain the reasons for the long-term impunity of some killers from the 1960s to the 1980s in relation to the lack of certain technological solutions, and especially the lack of video surveillance in areas where it is commonly used today. The article also covers the current legal solutions allowing for the legitimate collection of images from video monitoring, including those related to the protection of personal data in connection with the processing of images of the perpetrator.

ENVIRONMENT AND LIVING PLACE FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE

Every person’s place of residence is part of their everyday living environment and largely determines their sense of security, while housing conditions affect the quality of life. Therefore, proper housing conditions, meeting the needs of older people and a friendly local environment have an impact on experiencing old age. The research shows that the elderly want to stay in their own house/flat as long as possible, in a familiar and friendly environment. Therefore, it is equally important to adapt a flat or a house to the possibilities of older people, as well as appropriate shaping of the public space, enabling them to move freely. Moreover, aging in the place of residence should mean the launch of numerous services adapted to the changing needs of this very diverse group of elderly people over time, which is part of the de-institutionalization process.

Aggressiveness of Participants in Educational Relations and Psychological Safety of School Environment

The problem of aggression and violence in the educational space is currently quite serious. Illustrative examples of it are numerous publications in the media about acts of aggression exhibited by students against their peers and teachers, about the use of violence by teachers against their students, acute conflicts between the parents of students, sometimes leading to tragic consequences. In this regard, the works devoted to the problem of the psychological safety of the educational environment become very important. The purpose of our research is to identify the factors of psychological safety of the educational environment in the context of the aggressiveness of the participants in educational relations. The study involved 15 292 respondents, including 945 teachers, 6478 parents and 7869 students of grades 7-11 from 34 schools in Ulan-Ude. The following psychodiagnostic techniques were used: Cook - Medley Hostility Scale (CMHS); Questionnaire of Legitimized Aggression by S.N. Enikolopov and N.P. Tsibulsky; Bass - Perry Aggressiveness Questionnaire BPAQ (LA-44) in Russian adaptation by S.N. Enikolopov and N.P. Tsibulsky; questionnaire for students, teachers and parents Psychological diagnostics of the safety of the educational environment at school by I.A. Baeva. The empirical data obtained were subjected to correlation and factor analysis. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were formulated: (1) the psychological safety of students is associated with the peculiarities of the relationships between the teachers and students, between the parents of students and the school, between the parents and other students, between the parents and their children in the context of school education; (2) aggressiveness of students is associated with the level of aggression of their teachers and is not closely related to the level of aggression of their parents; (3) there is an inverse relationship between the aggressiveness of students and their sense of security in relationships with their teachers; (4) aggressiveness of teachers is associated with their satisfaction with the school. There are five areas of relationships that need to be taken into account when designing a safe educational environment: (1) the relationship between parents and students at school; (2) the relationships among teachers and accepted rules of conduct at school; (3) the relationships between teachers and students; (4) family satisfaction with school; (5) teachers satisfaction with the school.

Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Adolescents and the Use of the Internet: A Report From Research Conducted in Poland

The article presents the second attempt in Poland at examining the use of the Internet by 150 hearing and hearing-impaired adolescents. The empirical research concerned both groups’ “navigating” in the virtual world. A comparative analysis was carried out on the differentiation, dependencies, and correlations between a group of hearing respondents (girls and boys) and a group with hearing impairment in terms of their intrapersonal and interpersonal attitudes and attitudes towards the world. The intrapersonal sphere included self-image and self-esteem in a global aspect. It consisted of non-specific, general self-esteem, and partial self-esteem: the cognitive, intellectual, physical, characterological, and socio-moral spheres. Interpersonal attitudes were understood in the eyes of the respondent as an image of the rest of society and the relations between them. Thus, the sphere of “others towards me” appeared, based on the sense of support from the social environment, appreciation or indifference, threat from others, or a sense of security, among other things. In the area of “me towards others,” the dependencies concerned pro-social behavior, the general attitude towards other people, an altruistic attitude, egocentrism or sociability, a tendency to isolate oneself, aggression or a lack of aggressive behavior, problematic use of the Internet – an adaptation of IAT A. Young, which measures a subject’s sense of loneliness by De J. Gierveld – content sought on the Internet, the positive aspects of using the Internet, risks associated with it, and addiction.

Reconstructing dancer identities

The Coronavirus (Covid-19) continues to reshape many lives socially, politically, and economically. Choreographic practice, performance, and those involved in dance are also affected in different ways. This article investigates the research question: How might the event of Covid-19 prompt the transformation of freelance dancers’ identities? Through a qualitative narrative inquiry, three freelance contemporary dancers from Aotearoa/New Zealand were interviewed. From a thematic analysis of the data, the theme of alienation and adaptability were drawn out. This research reveals that the event of Covid-19 has caused freelance dancers to question their identity and precarity within their communities and shifted their position to advance a sense of security. The stories shared by the dancers revealed that industry practices and conditions for freelance contemporary dancers in Aotearoa/New Zealand need redevelopment for greater sustainability, relevance and inclusion, which could pave the way for industry changes to occur post-covid-19.

Telematyka – bezpieczeństwo za cenę prawa do wyboru?

The latest communication and Internet technologies are also present in the auto- motive industry. At the same time, they have a huge impact on road safety. In the latest vehicles, technology helps the driver on the journey, makes the journey pleasant and offers the possibility of diagnosing the vehicle in real time, giving a sense of security and comfort. The progressive trend of equipping vehicles with newer technological achievements is a process that affects the broadly understood market as well as the rights and obligations of its participants. This issue is also beginning to be regulated in detail by legal provisions. This article presents the issues of using telematics systems in vehicles in the legal aspect, as well as the rights and obligations resulting from the pro- visions of vehicle manufacturers, representatives of the service industry and consumers. This article presents the issues of the use of telematics systems in vehicles in the legal aspect, as well as the rights and obligations resulting from the provisions of vehicle manufacturers, representatives of the service industry and consumers. It will also try to assess these regulations and the chances of their full application.

The Experience of Safety, Harassment and Social Exclusion Among Male Clients of Sydney’s Medically Supervised Injecting Centre

Research on drug harm reduction services has found these operate as a safe haven from health harm. Less is known about the wider sense of security experienced by clients of such services as a counterbalance to social marginality in their daily lives. As part of a larger study of the experience of violence among Australian men, the authors completed 20 qualitative semi-structured interviews with male clients of Sydney’s Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) in 2016–2020. These were conducted anonymously in a private clinical room inside the MSIC and focused on aspects of drug use and general life experiences of violence, law enforcement, safety and security. Interviews were analysed by thematic content through a combination of preliminary and second close readings. Our analysis found that the MSIC consistently acted as a reprieve from harassment and violence from police and members of the public, conflict in drug deals, and general social exclusion.