scholarly journals Steryl ester formation and accumulation in steroid-degrading bacteria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Holert ◽  
Kirstin Brown ◽  
Ameena Hashimi ◽  
Lindsay D. Eltis ◽  
William W. Mohn
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Steryl Ester ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Steryl Esters ◽  
Ester Formation ◽  
Acid Substrate

ABSTRACTSteryl esters (SEs) are important storage compounds in many eukaryotes and are often prominent components of intracellular lipid droplets. Here we demonstrate that selected Actino- and Proteobacteria growing on sterols are also able to synthesize SEs and to sequester them in cytoplasmic lipid droplets. We found cholesteryl ester (CE) formation in members of the actinobacterial genera Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, and Amycolatopsis as well as several members of the proteobacterial Cellvibrionales order. CEs maximally accumulated under nitrogen-limiting conditions, suggesting that steryl ester formation plays a crucial role for storing excess energy and carbon under adverse conditions. Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 was able to synthesize phytosteryl- and cholesteryl esters, the latter reaching up to 7% of its cellular dry weight and 69% of its lipid droplets. Purified lipid droplets from RHA1 contained CEs, free cholesterol and triacylglycerols. In addition, we found formation of CEs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis when grown with cholesterol plus an additional fatty acid substrate. This study provides a basis for the application of bacterial whole cell systems in the biotechnological production of SEs for use in functional foods and cosmetics.IMPORTANCEOleaginous bacteria exhibit great potential for the production of high-value neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerols and wax esters. This study describes the formation of steryl esters (SEs) as neutral lipid storage compounds in sterol-degrading oleaginous bacteria, providing a basis for biotechnological production of SEs using bacterial systems with potential applications in the functional food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. We found cholesteryl ester (CE) formation in several sterol-degrading Actino- and Proteobacteria under nitrogen limiting conditions, suggesting an important role of this process in storing energy and carbon under adverse conditions. In addition, Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown on cholesterol accumulated CEs in the presence of an additional fatty acid substrate.

scholarly journals Steryl Ester Formation and Accumulation in Steroid-Degrading Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Holert ◽  
Kirstin Brown ◽  
Ameena Hashimi ◽  
Lindsay D. Eltis ◽  
William W. Mohn
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Steryl Ester ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Steryl Esters ◽  
Ester Formation ◽  
Acid Substrate

ABSTRACT Steryl esters (SEs) are important storage compounds in many eukaryotes and are often prominent components of intracellular lipid droplets. Here, we demonstrate that selected Actino- and Proteobacteria growing on sterols are also able to synthesize SEs and to sequester them in cytoplasmic lipid droplets. We found cholesteryl ester (CE) formation in members of the actinobacterial genera Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, and Amycolatopsis, as well as several members of the proteobacterial Cellvibrionales order. CEs maximally accumulated under nitrogen-limiting conditions, suggesting that steryl ester formation plays a crucial role for storing excess energy and carbon under adverse conditions. Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 was able to synthesize phytosteryl and cholesteryl esters, the latter reaching up to 7% of its cellular dry weight and 69% of its lipid droplets. Purified lipid droplets from RHA1 contained CEs, free cholesterol, and triacylglycerols. In addition, we found formation of CEs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis when it was grown with cholesterol plus an additional fatty acid substrate. This study provides a basis for the application of bacterial whole-cell systems in the biotechnological production of SEs for use in functional foods and cosmetics. IMPORTANCE Oleaginous bacteria exhibit great potential for the production of high-value neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerols and wax esters. This study describes the formation of steryl esters (SEs) as neutral lipid storage compounds in sterol-degrading oleaginous bacteria, providing a basis for biotechnological production of SEs using bacterial systems with potential applications in the functional food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. We found cholesteryl ester (CE) formation in several sterol-degrading Actino- and Proteobacteria under nitrogen-limiting conditions, suggesting an important role of this process in storing energy and carbon under adverse conditions. In addition, Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown on cholesterol accumulated CEs in the presence of an additional fatty acid substrate.

scholarly journals The genetic requirements of fatty acid import by Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniya V Nazarova ◽  
Christine R Montague ◽  
Lu Huang ◽  
Thuy La ◽  
David Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Genes ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Human Macrophages ◽  
Fatty Acid Transporter ◽  
Acid Transporter ◽  
Acid Substrate

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) imports and metabolizes fatty acids to maintain infection within human macrophages. Although this is a well-established paradigm, the bacterial factors required for fatty acid import are poorly understood. Previously, we found that LucA and Mce1 are required for fatty acid import in Mtb (Nazarova et al., 2017). Here, we identified additional Mtb mutants that have a reduced ability to import a fluorescent fatty acid substrate during infection within macrophages. This screen identified the novel genes as rv2799 and rv0966c as be necessary for fatty acid import and confirmed the central role for Rv3723/LucA and putative components of the Mce1 fatty acid transporter (Rv0200/OmamB, Rv0172/Mce1D, and Rv0655/MceG) in this process.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Substrate Specificities of Human Prostaglandin-endoperoxide H Synthase-1 and −2

1995 ◽  
Vol 270 (33) ◽  
pp. 19330-19336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette Laneuville ◽  
Debra K. Breuer ◽  
Naxing Xu ◽  
Z. H. Huang ◽  
Douglas A. Gage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Substrate Specificities ◽  
Prostaglandin Endoperoxide ◽  
Endoperoxide H Synthase ◽  
Acid Substrate

Fatty-Acid Substrate Interactions with Cyclo-oxygenases

2000 ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Smith ◽  
C. J. Rieke ◽  
E. D. Thuresson ◽  
A. M. Mulichak ◽  
R. M. Garavito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Substrate Interactions ◽  
Acid Substrate

scholarly journals Crystal Structure of H2O2-dependent Cytochrome P450SPαwith Its Bound Fatty Acid Substrate

2011 ◽  
Vol 286 (34) ◽  
pp. 29941-29950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Fujishiro ◽  
Osami Shoji ◽  
Shingo Nagano ◽  
Hiroshi Sugimoto ◽  
Yoshitsugu Shiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Acid Substrate

The Formation of Stable Fatty Acid Substrate Complexes in Prostaglandin H2 Synthase-1

2000 ◽  
Vol 380 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Malkowski ◽  
M.J. Theisen ◽  
A. Scharmen ◽  
R.M. Garavito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Acid Substrate

FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTER FORMATION BY PLASMA IN VITRO

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Newsome ◽  
J. B. M. Rattray
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Acyl Donor ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Ester Formation

The capacity of rat plasma to form ethyl esters when incubated with ethanol and fatty acid was examined. The process was found to be enzymatic and to involve primarily a direct esterification of fatty acid as opposed to a transesterification requiring a fatty acyl donor. Maximal esterification of oleic acid occurred at pH 6.0 but significant activity existed at physiological pH to indicate a capacity of the plasma to utilize ethanol and fatty acid in concentrations that might be expected in vivo. Both normal and post-heparin plasma were found to esterify endogenous free fatty acid. A major factor affecting the esterification process was the availability of fatty acid substrate and the governing role of plasma albumin in this respect is discussed.

The influence of starvation and natural refeeding on the rate of triacylglycerol/fatty acid substrate cycling in brown adipose tissue and different white adipose sites of the rat in vivo. The role of insulin and the sympathetic nervous system

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart W. Mercer ◽  
Dermot H. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Acute Increase ◽  
Acid Substrate

Triacylglycerol/fatty acid substrate cycling was measured in vivo in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) of fed, starved and refed rats. Starvation (24 h) significantly decreased the rate of cycling in BAT, and refeeding chow diet led to a rapid, 6-fold increase in cycling. Cycling rate in WAT was much lower than in BAT, and was not influenced by fasting or refeeding. Similar rates of cycling were found in epididymal, mesenteric, subcutaneous, and scapular WAT depots. Sympathetic denervation of interscapular BAT abolished the response of the tissue to refeeding, as did acute suppression of insulin secretion. Similarly, rats fasted for 3 days showed no acute increase in the activity of the cycle following refeeding.

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