scholarly journals Major changes in plastid protein import and the origin of the Chloroplastida

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Knopp ◽  
Sriram G. Garg ◽  
Maria Handrich ◽  
Sven B. Gould

AbstractWhile core components of plastid protein import (Toc and Tic) and the principle of using N-terminal targeting sequences (NTS) are conserved, lineage-specific differences are known. Rhodophytes and glaucophytes carry a conserved NTS motif, which was lost in the green lineage that also added novel proteins to Toc and Tic. Here we compare the components of plastid protein import and generated RNA-Seq, pigment profile and trans-electron microscopy data based on high-light stress from representatives of the three archaeplastidal groups. In light of plastid protein targeting, we compare the response to high-light stress of archaeplastidal representatives based on RNA-Seq, pigment profile and trans-electron microscopy data. Like land plants, the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii displays a broad respond to high-light stress, not observed to the same degree in the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa or the rhodophyte Porphyridium purpureum. We find that only the green lineage encodes a conserved duplicate of the outer plastid membrane protein channel Oep80, namely Toc75 and suggest that the ability to respond to high-light stress entailed evolutionary changes in protein import, including the departure from phenylalanine-based targeting and the introduction of a green-specific Toc75 next to other import components unique to Chloroplastida. One consequence of relaxed NTS specificity was the origin of dual-targeting of plastid derived proteins to mitochondria and vice versa, using a single ambiguous NTS. Changes in the plastid protein import enabled the green lineage to import proteins at a more efficient rate, including those required for high-light stress response, a prerequisite for the colonization of land.High-lightsLoss of Phe-based N-terminal targeting sequences (NTS) triggered the origin of dual-targeting using a single ambiguous NTSThe Chloroplastida evolved a green-specific Toc75 for high throughput import, next to a universal and ancient Omp85 present in all ArchaeplastidaA broad response to high-light stress appears unique to ChloroplastidaRelaxation of functional constraints allowed a broader modification of the green Toc/Tic machineryCritical changes in plastid targeting enabled the origin and success of the Chloroplastida and their later conquer of land

2013 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuefei Xu ◽  
Juanjuan Fu ◽  
Xitong Chu ◽  
Yongfang Sun ◽  
He Zhou ◽  
...  

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 340-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Štepigová ◽  
H. Vráblíková ◽  
J. Lang ◽  
K. Večeřová ◽  
M. Barták

In the presented study, we describe techniques for glutathione and pigment determination in lichens used in our laboratory. Glutathione and xanthophyll cycle pigments, especially zeaxanthin, are important antioxidants protecting plants against various stresses. In our laboratory, the high light stress in lichens has been intensively studied for several years. We extract glutathione in HCl and determine it by thiol-binding fluorescence label monobromobimane. For pigment determination, homogenized lichen thalli are extracted with pure acetone. According to our results, the total amount of glutathione decreases after a short-term high light exposure, while the amount of zeaxanthin increases.


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