scholarly journals Detailed fluctuation theorem bound for apparent violations of the second law

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Domingos S. P. Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuation Theorem ◽  
Second Law

scholarly journals Flaw in Crooks Fluctuation Theorem

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Gokaran Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Finite Temperature ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Fluctuation Theorem ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Crooks Fluctuation Theorem

The existence of Crooks fluctuation theorem (even at microscopic level, in a very short time period) is a direct threat to the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, we will underline the flaw that exists in Crooks fluctuation theorem assumptions, and thus, we will confirm the validity of the second law of thermodynamics at any temperature, pressure, and at any scale (time, and length-scale) in nature. We will validate the Loschmidts paradox, and will show that no physical directional-process can be perfectly-reversible at any non-zero, finite temperature (T>0 K) and pressure (P>0) in nature.

scholarly journals Entropy Production in an Elementary, Light Driven Micro-Machine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. Box ◽  
Michael P. Allen ◽  
David B. Phillips ◽  
Stephen H. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Entropy Production ◽  
Optical Tweezers ◽  
Ensemble Average ◽  
Fluctuation Theorem ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Stochastic Motion ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Intermediate Regime ◽  
Micro Machine

We consider the basic, thermodynamic properties of an elementary micro-machine operating at colloidal length scales. In particular, we track and analyze the driven stochastic motion of a carefully designed micro-propeller rotating unevenly in an optical tweezers, in water. In this intermediate regime, the second law of macroscopic thermodynamics is satisfied only as an ensemble average, and individual trajectories can be temporarily associated with decreases in entropy. We show that our light driven micro-propeller satisfies an appropriate fluctuation theorem that constrains the probability with which these apparent violations of the second law occur. Implications for the development of more complex micro-machines are discussed.

Abstract fluctuation theorem

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
MACIEJ P. WOJTKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Thermal Fluctuations ◽  
Fluctuation Theorem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Stat Phys ◽  
Stationary States ◽  
Fluctuation Theorems ◽  
The One ◽  
Mathematical Relations

AbstractWe formulate an abstract fluctuation theorem which sheds light on mathematical relations between the fluctuation theorems of Bochkov and Kuzovlev [Contribution to the general theory of thermal fluctuations in nonlinear systems. Sov. Phys.–JETP45 (1977), 125] and Jarzynski [Hamiltonian derivation of a detailed fluctuation theorem. J. Stat. Phys.98 (2001), 77–102] on the one hand, and those of Evans and Searles [Equilibrium microstates which generate second law violating steady states. Phys. Rev. E 50 (1994), 1645–1648] and Gallavotti and Cohen [Dynamical ensembles in stationary states. J. Stat. Phys.80 (1995), 931–970] on the other.

First and second laws of thermodynamics: relationship, “inconsistency”, hidden effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
A. M. Savchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Konovalov ◽  
A. V. Laushkin
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the first and second laws of thermodynamics based on their energy nature is considered. It is noted that the processes described by the second law of thermodynamics often take place hidden within the system, which makes it difficult to detect them. Nevertheless, even with ideal mixing, an increase in the internal energy of the system occurs, numerically equal to an increase in free energy. The largest contribution to the change in the value of free energy is made by the entropy of mixing, which has energy significance. The entropy of mixing can do the job, which is confirmed in particular by osmotic processes.

Reactions in solution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Sherwood ◽  
Paul Dalby
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Equilibrium Mixture ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Coupled Reactions ◽  
Definition Of

Another key chapter, examining reactions in solution. Starting with the definition of an ideal solution, and then introducing Raoult’s law and Henry’s law, this chapter then draws on the results of Chapter 14 (gas phase equilibria) to derive the corresponding results for equilibria in an ideal solution. A unique feature of this chapter is the analysis of coupled reactions, once again using first principles to show how the coupling of an endergonic reaction to a suitable exergonic reaction results in an equilibrium mixture in which the products of the endergonic reaction are present in much higher quantity. This demonstrates how coupled reactions can cause entropy-reducing events to take place without breaking the Second Law, so setting the scene for the future chapters on applications of thermodynamics to the life sciences, especially chapter 24 on bioenergetics.

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