Abstract fluctuation theorem

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
MACIEJ P. WOJTKOWSKI

AbstractWe formulate an abstract fluctuation theorem which sheds light on mathematical relations between the fluctuation theorems of Bochkov and Kuzovlev [Contribution to the general theory of thermal fluctuations in nonlinear systems. Sov. Phys.–JETP45 (1977), 125] and Jarzynski [Hamiltonian derivation of a detailed fluctuation theorem. J. Stat. Phys.98 (2001), 77–102] on the one hand, and those of Evans and Searles [Equilibrium microstates which generate second law violating steady states. Phys. Rev. E 50 (1994), 1645–1648] and Gallavotti and Cohen [Dynamical ensembles in stationary states. J. Stat. Phys.80 (1995), 931–970] on the other.

2008 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Gallego ◽  
Miguel González ◽  
Bangere P. Purnaprajna

AbstractIn this paper we prove that most ropes of arbitrary multiplicity supported on smooth curves can be smoothed. By a rope being smoothable we mean that the rope is the flat limit of a family of smooth, irreducible curves. To construct a smoothing, we connect, on the one hand, deformations of a finite morphism to projective space and, on the other hand, morphisms from a rope to projective space. We also prove a general result of independent interest, namely that finite covers onto smooth irreducible curves embedded in projective space can be deformed to a family of 1:1 maps. We apply our general theory to prove the smoothing of ropes of multiplicity 3 on P1. Even though this paper focuses on ropes of dimension 1, our method yields a general approach to deal with the smoothing of ropes of higher dimension.


1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 686-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Yonge

A re-examination of the theoretical basis of our practice of psychiatry (that is, its epistemology) reveals the insufficiency of the empirical, inductive approach which we have come to regard, too myopically, as the sine qua non of our science. Traditionally in psychiatry, the discipline of philosophy, of which epistemology is one of its major fields of endeavour, has generally come to be regarded as irrelevant or unreliable as a source of true knowledge. But an objective look at our variegated practice of psychiatry — roughly divided into two groups — the biological on the one side and the psychosocial on the other — reveals a glaring lack of integration, cohesion, or synthesis in basic theory. While analysis is the prime modus operandi of science, synthesis is the main objective of philosophy. While we subscribe to various operational theories to explain how our various procedures work, we lack an overarching, unified, general theory to subsume them. Hence we lack a truly holistic concept of the person who is our patient. In this we are much in need of the discipline of philosophy, which promotes clarity of thought, breadth of comprehension, and systematic (logical) reasoning. Psychiatrists acquire more of this philosophic expertise through collaboration with professional philosophers (epistemologists in particular) and through the introduction into our graduate psychiatric training programs of some specific course content from the literature of philosophy. As a preliminary suggestion for this, an “Annotated Reading List” is appended.


1975 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fröhlich

This paper is a continuation of (F3). In its first part we shall expand and extend the general theory of the earlier paper, while in the second part we specialize to number fields. The theory of resolvents and of the trace form, presented here, complements the more arithmetic theory of module conductors and module resolvents as described elsewhere (cf. (F4)). Both these papers will be applied in work on the connexion, for tame extensions, between Galois module structure of algebraic integers on the one hand, and Artin conductors and root numbers on the other hand (cf. (F5)). The results of the present paper are however not restricted to the tame case and, it is hoped, will subsequently be applied in a more general context.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Jürgen Oelkers

Karl Popper called one of his latest collections of essays All Life is Problem Solving. Little is known about the history of «problem solving» and also Popper did not say much about his references. But his model of four stages of problem solving is clearly anticipated in John Dewey’s psychology of thinking. On the other hand Dewey’s How we Think (1910) cannot be understood without taken into account the contemporary movement in didactics. The article discusses two of them, «nature studies» on the one hand and the «project method» on the other. «Nature studies» is considered to be the counterpoint to problem-solving. William Kilpatrick’s project method is still closely linked with Dewey’s psychology but both concepts have to be studied independently. Dewey’s theory of problem-solving is a general theory of learning that cannot be reduced to didactics. But that reduction might explain why Popper did not pay attention to it.


2020 ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Jörg Zimmermann ◽  
Armin B. Cremers

AbstractThe term Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956. Since then, this new research area has gone through several cycles of fast progress and periods of apparent stagnation. Today, the field has broadened and deepened significantly, and developed a rich variety of theoretical approaches and frameworks on the one side, and increasingly impressive practical applications on the other side. While a thorough foundation for a general theory of cognitive agents is still missing, there is a line of development within AI research which aims at foundational justifications for the design of cognitive agents, enabling the derivation of theorems characterizing the possibilities and limitations of computational cognitive agents.


2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Juan Bautista Bengoetxea ◽  
Joana Maria Roig

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2016v20n2p215 The article aims to conceptualize both representation and understanding in photography, an activity whose main goal consist in elucidating the process through which the photographic image is constructed on a partial isomorphism relationship, as well as in enabling to understand a meaningful message. We appeal to Nelson Goodman’s account, according to which such a construction is based on data provided by the image, on the one hand, and by viewer’s knowledge, on the other. Given that those sources give viewer a new knowledge about the world and that the inferential processes depend upon a general theory of symbols, we both show and account for the inferential procedure that raises from the photographic ‘information’ in several case-studies taken from Henry Cartier-Bresson’s work.


Bioderecho.es ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvio Galati

El trabajo analiza algunos fallos españoles del tribunal supremo y del tribunal constitucional referidos al cannabis para dar cuenta del grado de juridización de la salud presente en ellos. También se los analiza desde la Teoría General del Derecho, para comprobar si elaboran o aplican normas. Y se relacionan estos dos aspectos: la juridización y el funcionamiento de las normas. En la Medicina la medicalización y en el Derecho la juridización implican la intervención indebida de una disciplina, transformando situaciones de la vida cotidiana o factores de riesgo en enfermedades o en delitos o ilicitudes, respectivamente. La juridización es judicial cuando quienes intervienen indebidamente son los jueces. La juridización puede ser baja, media o alta, según la intensidad de la intervención, que es valorada negativamente, si la justicia es la libertad del individuo para que, según su cosmovisión, desarrolle su personalidad. La metodología es cualitativa y cuantitativa, en tanto, por un lado, aúna el rigor numérico de la regularidad, y la comprobación empírica de las afirmaciones y, por el otro, comprende el sentido -interpretación- de las conductas apreciadas a través del estudio de casos. Se concluye provisoriamente en la juridización judicial a nivel de los tribunales superiores españoles. The paper analyzes some Spanish judgements of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court as regards cannabis to account for the degree of juridization of health included in them. They are also analyzed from the General Theory of Law, to check whether they elaborate or apply rules. And these two aspects are related: the juridization and the operation of the rules. In medicine, medicalization, and in law, juridization imply the improper intervention of a discipline, transforming situations of everyday life or risk factors into diseases, or into crimes or illegality, respectively. Juridization is judicial when those who are inappropriately involved are judges. The juridization can be low, medium or high, depending on the intensity of the intervention, which is negatively assessed, if justice is the freedom of the individual so that, according to their worldview, individuals can develop their personality. The methodology is qualitative and quantitative because, on the one hand, it combines the numerical rigor of regularity and the empirical verification of the statements and, on the other hand, it comprises the sense -interpretation-of the behaviors appreciated through the study of cases. It is provisionally concluded in the judicial juridization at the level of the Spanish superior courts.


Hypatia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuija Pulkkinen

In this article on Elizabeth Grosz's philosophy and its implications for discussions about feminist theory, I first suggest that Charles Darwin plays a particular role in Grosz's recent ontological thought. This role is to provide help in joining together two incompatible sources in her work: Gilles Deleuze's monistic ontology of a constant flow of new differentiations, on the one hand, and Luce Irigaray's thought of sexual difference as the primary ontological difference, on the other. I argue that Grosz's intellectual project has developed into a grand general theory of change in which both Darwin and Irigaray are turned into ontologists in a Deleuzian vein. I then point out that Grosz's ontology also includes a political aspect, which manifests in the fact that Grosz redescribes Darwin through interpreting him primarily as a theorist of “event” and the unexpected. However, through an analysis of the discussion on Grosz between Luciana Parisi and Jami Weinstein, I speculate whether Grosz's ambition to provide a total and complete explanation of change encourages the tone of feminist discussion toward one of explanation rather than intervention.


2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
N. A MASTALERZh

The term heterotopia was introduced by french philosopher Michel Foucault in his lecture in 1967 , that he held for some french architects. He was talking about some other spaces. Other spaces was published only in 1984, and since then has enjoyed increased attention from theoreticians of architecture, also as an attempt to put forward a new theory of time-space. But this article is not about Foucaults vision, but about theoretical work of Michiel Dehaene (architect, urbanist, PhD) and Leiven De Cauter (philosopher, art historian, writer, activist), who made attempt to rethink the Foucaults text, on the one hand by exposing him to criticism, on the other - seeing it as something that will give a new approach to the dichotomy of public private. The article gives a brief overview of the general theory heterotopia, its theoretical validity and recognition principles.


2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Alessio Tartaro ◽  

Starting in 1946, Polanyi begins to criticize a comprehensive system of ideas that he names positivism. His criticism is twofold. On the one hand, it has the narrow aim of pointing out the inconsistencies of a positivist account of science, according to which the essence of scientific objec­tivity lies in establishing rigorous mathematical relations between measured variables employing fixed rules. On the other hand, it examines the broad assumptions underlying this view, namely radical empiricism and skeptical doubt. The present paper analyzes both aspects of this criticism, stressing its crucial role in the development of Polanyi’s philosophy.


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